Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR)
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AJMR
Berke and Sheibani were Chingizids by origin, direct descendants of Jochi. Their ancestors
Ibrahim and Arab Shah together “roamed and had their own camps, in the summer they lived at
the top of Yaik, and in the winter at the mouth of the Syr” [4, 162].
After the conquest of Mawarannahr, Sheibani Khan with his associates left their possessions on
the river. Syrdarya and penetrated deep into Central Asia, and Berke Khan with adherents settled
on the Syrdarya [4, 172]. His two sons, Ilbars and Bilbars, moved to Khorezm and formed an
independent khanate, which included the local residents of Khorezm. They gradually mixed with
the migrated Uzbeks, adopted their language, customs and rituals, and completely assimilated.
“Subsequent reports about the 16th century Uzbeks in Khorezm concern the internecine struggle
for power between the sultans - the descendants of Berke Khan, their raids on Khorasan,
Astrabat and the Caspian regions, on Abulkhan and Mangyshlak” [5, 321-322].
In the first half of the 17th century, the Uzbek tribes moved from the lower reaches of the
Syrdarya to the Amudarya delta and from there settled in the southeastern part of Khorezm.
However, around 1665, “Uzbeks began to gather from everywhere and settled in the Aral area on
the shores of the Aral Sea.” [6, 326] This information is confirmed by Abulgazi: “At the place
where the Amudaryaflows into the sea, three thousand Uzbek families gathered there at different
times, five or ten” [4, 260].
Sources of the 17th century report on the development of the lower reaches of the Amudarya by
the Uzbeks, where the two centers of Kungrad and Shakhtemir were formed, which became the
capitals of the Aral domain of the Uzbeks. In the fall of 1740, Abulkhair khan of the Younger
Zhuz was in the Aral possession, its second center, the city of Shakhtemir after Kungrad [7, 23].
Consequently, in the first half of the 18th century. The Aral estate functioned as an independent
administrative division. In 1741 Gladyshev and Muravin reported:
“In the Aral possession there are four tyube, and in them 32 clans, and in those clans there are
two cities with the local elders and beks. 1. Mangut clan of the city of Shah-Temir; 2. In the
Kungrad clan there is another city. 3. Kypchak clan; 4 The Khozha-ilin clan. Other small clans
are reported to the four tyuby shown, a total of forty thousand per clan sits on a horse” [8,20].
From the data presented it is clear that the Uzbeks settled in the lower reaches of the Amudarya
by tribal and clan characteristics. The Mangyts were grouped in the right-bank delta, and the
Kungrads in the left-bank delta of the Amudarya. The Kungrad tribes were formed near the city
of the same name. As for the Kypchak tribe, then and now it settled above the Amudaryadelta.
Its center is the village of Kypchak, and the center of the Khojeyli Uzbeks was the city of
Khojeyli, located on the left bank of the Amudarya.
E.I. Velichko wrote in 1803: “The Kungrad clan, consisting most of the Uzbeks ... is also called
the Aral by its nomad camps near the Aral lake and the cities of Mangyt and Kypchak with the
Uzbek population. He also says that” The inhabitants of this people are more than 100 thousand”
[9, 115- 117].
Back in the middle of the 19th century, the Turkmen began frequent clashes with the Kazakhs
who roamed in these places. During mutual raids and clashes, Kazakhs and Turkmens stole
cattle, seized property. To protect families and livestock, the Turkmen began to build adobe
fortresses, inside which they themselves hid and sheltered livestock at night and during the attack
of the Kazakhs.
ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol 10, Issue 9, September, 2021 Impact Factor: SJIF 2021 = 7.699
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