Amea folklor institutu

literatura:

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   g. bedoSvili, qarTul toponimTa ganmartebiT-etimologiuri leqsikoni 2001
   
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   i.sixaruliZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimika, 1958
   
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   tbeTis sulTa matiane, Tb., 1977
   
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   qobuleTisa da xulos raionis soflebSi studentTa eTnografiuli praqtikis masalebi
   

Eka Vardoshvili
Tbilisi
CAUCASIA AND CAUCASIAN PEOPLE IN ALEKSANDRE KAZBEGI’S ARTISTIC THOUGHTS
Кавказ и кавказский народ в художественном мышлении
Александра Казбеги
Борьба кавказского народа за национальную свободу в грузинской литературе 19-го века была полноценно отражена в рассказе Александра Казбеги «Элгуджа». Рассказ носит политический характер. В нем ясно переданы те национальные и социальные проблемы, которые были вызваны приходом России на Кавказ. В основе рассказа лежат исторические факты, в частности, Мтиулетское восстание 1804 года и связь восставших с Александром Батонишвили, который перебрался в Иран. Главные действующие лица произведения, Элгуджа и Свимон Чопикашвили, являются реальными лицами.
Действие раскрывается на фоне любви черкески Мзаго и жителя хеви Элгуджи. Персонажи являются детьми разных народов, проживающих на Кавказе. В первых же строках произведения читаем: «Махамета признался, что эта женщина была черкеска и один кист привел ее для продажи оссетинам» («Элгуджа»). На фоне любви, героизма и дружбы Казбеги знакомит нас с жизнью народа гор, рассказывает об обычаях, институте побратимства общины. Он использует народные стихи.
При этом следует отметить, что первое произведение Александра Казбеги, опубликованное в 1880 году в газете «Дроеба» - «Жители хеви и их жизнь», носит этнографический характер. В письме автор детально рассказывает о быте и жизни, обычаях и духовных ценностях кавказского народа, которые затем обобщает в художественных произведениях, каковыми являются «Элгуджа», «Хевисбери Гоча», «Элисо», «Духовный Наставник», «Отцеубийца» ... В своих произведениях Казбеги использует богатый фольклорный материал гор, который преобразовывает и перерабатывает руками творца и проявляет душу и обычаи кавказского народа, их стремление к личной и национальной свободе.
Таким образом, когда Ал. Казбеги рисует нам жизнь Кавказа и кавказского народа в своих художественных произведениях, он опирается в основном на три источника: исторические факты, этнографические основы и фольклорный материал.
Caucasian people’s fighting for national freedom was fully reflected in XIX century’s Georgian literature, mainly in “Elegia” by Aleksandre Kazbegi. Story has a political character, in which national and social problems are clearly depicted, which was caused by the entry of Russia in the Caucasus. The story is based on historical facts. Mainly, Mtiuleti rebellion in 1804 and rebels’ connection with disappeared Aleksandre Batonishvili in Iran. During the rebellion in Mtiuleti “Rebels has captured Georgian military road. At that time Georgian chief, Pavle Tsitsianov was gone to invade Yerevan khanate. Aleksandre Batonishvili, who was related to Shah of Iran, Fetal was trying to take the throne of Georgia. “Aleksandre, who gathered supporter troops in Khevsureti, sent him a man and demanded complete obedience from him, driving away of Russians from Khevi and locking entrance roads for the latest (Kazbegi: 1976:57). The main characters of the work Elguja and Simon Chopikashvili are real persons. Elguja Pasheteli, who kidnapped woman from Chopikashvili’s family, was killed by those who followed him. There are folk poems in Khevi about Elguja. Some of them come from the text of “Elguja”. In scientific literature about prototype of Svimon Chopikashvili is a difference of opinions. In our opinion, Svimon Chopikashvili should have been Gabriel Kazbegi, the grandfather of a writer. About him we read in the work: “Svimon Chopikashvili was one person close to the king, who ruled mountaineers and fortresses, which were called - Dariela to the door of Caucasus” (Kazbegi 1976:56). Georgian people’s connection with Russia and Caucasian people’s fighting against King’s autocracy is described with acute in the story. This object was excessive sorrowful for mountain from others, that the most frequently met unfinished and unjust actions of Russian officials of that time. The supporters of Al. Batonishvili used this situation and planned as better rule for rebellion of people” (Kazbegi 1976:109).
In general Kazbegi was assessing the north Caucasian peoples fighting for national independence with great compassion. Al. Kazbegi talks about the fate of Chechen people in his work ‘Eliso”. The main characters of the story are Eliso, who was Shamyl’s famous deputy’s, Anzora Cheibiji’s daughter and highlander Vazhia. Their love is doomed from the beginning, because Chechens were being settled in the Ottoman Empire.”Chechen managers wanted enrich all of a sudden, wished to capture rich lands, and decided to get rid of old landowners and isolated them” (Kazbegi 1976:184). In the story “Eliso” writer describes Chechens: This loving motherland, self-sacrificing Chechens were greeting their motherland, for which saving and reviving father does not pardon to his child, wife does not pardon to his spouse and after such fighting they have to be isolated from them” (Kazbegi 1976:183). Happiness and truth seeker heroes are killed by Russian soldiers’ hand and those who survived alive was looking at Galashki ranges and their ex-villages with tearful eyes.
In the story “Elguja” the action is spread on the love background of Circassian Mzagho and Elguja. Characters are children of different people living in Caucasus. In the first line of the work, we read: “Makhameta confessed that this woman was Circassian and one Circassian brought her for sale” (Kazbegi 1976:18). The sense is emerging easily in his heroes. This love is pure and disinterested, of which ultimate goal is to get married. Elguja and Mzago felt in love at first sight. Elguja decided that I am a man and taking my hat, I’ll go, express my bravely, show myself, assist to community, and when I return home peacefully, then I will ask this woman from Gagi and he will let me have his daughter” (Kazbegi 1976:24). When he was refused from Gagi he kidnapped Mzago. Gagi followed Russian soldiers with runaways. Kazbegi interestingly describes Mzago’s nature: “Circassian was praying, but it was surprising that in his request was not expressed the death of somebody from the one hand and surviving desire on the other hand; He demanded that everything would be ended peacefully” (Kazbegi 1976:43). Elguja’s adopted brothers Martia and Giorgi are killed in an unequal struggle with Russian soldiers. In the background of love, friendship and heroism Kazbegi informs us people living in mountain, talking about community’s customs, adopted brotherhood. He has used a folk poetry.
Herewith, it should be noted that in 1880 year in newspaper “Droeba” published his first work “Mokheveebi and their life”, which has ethnographic character. In the letter author narrates about the mode of life of Caucasian people, customs and spiritual valuables in detail, what afterward is generalized in artistic works, such as “Elguja”, “Elder Gocha”, “Confessor”, “The murderer”. Aleksandre Kazbegi was used a rich folk-Loral material of mountain in the work, which reformed and revised by the hand of creator and represented the soul and customs of Caucasian people, their passion for personal and national freedom.
Here is how Al. Kazbegi in the letter “Mokheveebi and their life” describes woman’s condition in Caucasus: “Woman in Mokheveebi is in deferent condition, rather than neighboring people being around her. Here woman is performed not so hidden and uninvolved in activities, as in Ossian and Circassians and does not have such privileged state as in Kartli” (Mochkhubaridze 1880:N169:1).
Deep trace of traditional folklore is observed in the story “Elguja”. Writer presented immortal face of Ginja Khuleli in the story, who was ravine narrator. In the story are used recorded folk poems. Scenes for custom, funeral rumor, mourning with dead voice. The community is a strong defender of customs. Prosecution and reconciliation with sworn enemy is expressed interestingly. The community discusses the issue about Elguja and Svimon Chopikashvili and made a decision upon that. “The eldest stood up and stated to community the following decision: After that formed brotherhood, neighborhood and love between Elguja and Svimon Chopikashvili. These words have been received from everybody by regular obedience and spread a cloth on the tale behind them, where many toasts were being declared” (Kazbegi 1976:79).
In the story author describes the institute of brotherhood. Mokheveebi and Mtiulebi made an oath of brotherhood before fighting against Russian forces. “They stroke at first meeting, promised each other that they would struggle all together, one for all and all for one” (Kazbegi 1976:110).
Thus, when Aleksandre kazbegi expresses the life of Caucasia and Caucasian people in his artistic works, he is mainly based on three sources: Historical facts, ethnographic basis and folk-Loral material.