239
D O I N G I T N O W O R L A T E R
The second property that a person with time-consistent
behavior will never
violate is independence of irrelevant alternatives—eliminating an option from the
choice set that is not chosen should not change the person’s choice from the
remaining options.
Definition 6.
For any
v
;
(
y
1
,
y
2
, . . . ,
y
T
) and
c
;
(
c
1
,
c
2
, . . . ,
c
T
), define
v
2
t
;
(
y
1
, . . . ,
y
t
2
1
,
y
t
1
1
, . . . ,
y
T
) and
c
2
t
;
(
c
1
, . . . ,
c
t
2
1
,
c
t
1
1
, . . . ,
c
T
).
A person’s
behavior is
independent of irrelevant alternatives
if whenever she
chooses period
t
9 Þ
t
when facing
v
and
c
she also chooses
t
9
when facing
v
2
t
and
c
2
t
.
A time-consistent person will never violate dominance
nor independence of
irrelevant alternatives. These results hold for any time-consistent preferences,
including time-consistent preferences that discount
differently from period to
period, and even time-consistent preferences that are not additively separable.
Proposition 5 establishes that these results do not hold for people with present-
biased preferences.
Proposition 5.
For any
b
and
d
such that 0
,
d
,
1 and 0
,
b
,
1, and for both
sophistication and naïvete:
(1) There exists (
v
,
c
) and assumptions about
immediacy such that a person
with (
b
,
d
)-preferences will violate dominance and
(2) There exists (
v
,
c
) and assumptions about immediacy such that a person
with (
b
,
d
)-preferences will violate independence of irrelevant alternatives.
To give some intuition for these results, we describe examples where each type
violates dominance. The intuition for why each type violates independence of ir-
relevant alternatives is related. Sophisticates violate dominance when they choose
a dominated early time to do an activity because they (correctly) worry that their
future selves will not choose the dominating later time. For example, suppose re-
wards are immediate,
T
5
3,
v
5
(0, 5, 1) and
c
5
(1, 8, 0). Doing it in period 1
is clearly dominated by doing it in period 3. Even so, a sophisticate with
b
5
1
⁄
2
will complete the activity in period 1. She does so not because it is her most pre-
ferred period, but rather to avoid doing it in period 2. In period 1, the person
prefers period 3 to period 1. Unfortunately, the period-2 self gets to choose be-
tween periods 2 and 3, and she will choose period 2.
Naïfs can violate dominance because of incorrect perceptions about future be-
havior. For example,
suppose costs are immediate,
T
5
3,
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