Adv Behav Econ pdf



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12jun13 aromi advances behavioral economics

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2 .
As discussed at the beginning of this section, we feel that examining welfare
losses in terms of long-run utility is the appropriate criterion to use when examin-
ing the welfare implications of present-biased preferences. Using this criterion,
propositions 3 and 4 formalize when a small bias for the present can be very
costly from a long-run perspective.
19
Even so, we note that there is also a less
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237
D O I N G I T N O W O R L A T E R
19
We feel that these limit results qualitatively capture very real differences in when moderately im-
patient sophisticates and naïfs can suffer severe welfare losses, but there are reasons to be cautious in
interpreting them too literally. For instance, since “unwinding” drives severe preproperation for so-
phisticates, it seems natural to ask whether a small amount of uncertainty could reverse this tendency, 


strong formalization using Pareto comparisons: If costs are immediate, sophisti-
cates always choose a Pareto-optimal strategy while naifs may not; and if rewards
are immediate, naifs always choose a Pareto-optimal strategy while sophisticates
may not.
5.
Smoking Guns
Many researchers studying time-inconsistent preferences have searched for em-
pirical proof that people have such preferences. Efforts to indirectly prove time
inconsistency have focused on the use of external “commitment devices” that
limit future choice sets, because the use of such devices provides smoking guns
that prove time consistency wrong. In this section, we show that smoking guns
exist in our simple one-activity model, where no external commitment devices are
available.
There are two properties that a person with time-consistent preferences will
never violate. The first is “dominance”: For intertemporal choice, one strategy
dominates another if it yields in every period an instantaneous utility at least as
large as the instantaneous utility from the other strategy, and strictly larger for
some periods. In our model, one strategy is dominated by another if and only if
the first strategy implies doing it at a cost with no reward while the second strat-
egy implies doing it for a reward with no cost.
20
Definition 5.
A person obeys 
dominance 
if whenever there exists some period 
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with 
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0.

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