Adjectives

Sifatlar ketma ketligida hech qanday bog’lovchi yoki tinish belgilari ishlatilmaydi.
Birlikdagi otdan oldin sifat kelsa A/AN artikli keladi, ko’plikdagi yoki sanalmaydigan ot bo’lsa artikl ishlatilmaydi.
Ex: She was wearing … dress.
A) A long and black
B) A long, black
C) A long black
Izoh: sifatlar ketma-ketligi bog’lovchi yoki tinish belgisi bilan ajratilishi mumkin agar ranglar ketmaketligi kelsa yoki ketma ketlik otsiz kelsa.
He bought a green and brown carpet.
Our flag is red, white and blue.
The day was cold, wet and windy.
Sifat darajalanishi
Sifatlar darajalanishi 3 ga bo’linadi. Darajalanish jadvali ham 3 ga bo’linadi.
1. Bir va ba’zan 2 bo’g’inli sifatlar darajalishi

Oddiy	Qiyosiy	Ortirma
	…er (roq)	The … est (eng…)
Small	Smaller	The smallest
Heavy	Heavier	The heaviest
Clever	Cleverer	The cleverest
Strong	Stronger	The strongest
Brave	Braver	The bravest

2. Ko’pchilik 2 va undan ortiq bo’g’inli sifatlar

Oddiy	Qiyosiy	Ortirma
	More …. -Less …..	The most … The least …
Comfortable	More comfortable	The most comfortable
Famous	Less famous	The least famous
Interesting	More interesting	The most interesting
Beautiful	Less beautiful	The least beautiful

3. Darajalanishda shaklan o’zgaradigan sifatlar

Oddiy	Qiyosiy	Ortirma
Good	Better	The best
Bad	Worse	The worst
Much/many	More	The most
Little	Less	The least
Old	Older Elder	The oldest The eldest
FAR	Farther uzoqroq Further uzoqroq	The farthest eng uzoq The furthest eng uzoq
Late	Later	The latest The last
Near	Nearer	The nearest The next

Oddiy daraja
Sifatning oddiy darajasi biror bir oitni shunchaki tasvirlaganda ishlatiladi.
The Thames is a long river.
Our flat is wide and bright. My brother is an interesting person.
It is an easy job. This car is expensive. I bought a big house in the city.


Izoh: Ma’no Kuchaytirish uchun:
So
Very
Too + ODDIY daraja
Quite
Rather
So – juda (normal holat) She is so beautiful.
Very - juda (normal holat) She is very beautiful.
Too – juda … ham (problema bo’lishi kerak)
The day is so cold. The day is very cold.
English is so difficult. English is very difficult.
She is so beautiful. She is very beautiful.
It is so late. It is very late.
The day is too cold to play outside.
English is too difficult for me to learn.
She is too young to go to school. It is too late to go out.
The director is too busy to listen to you.
We can’t put the box into the car as there is too little space.


Quite/rather – yetarlicha
She is quite young. The exercises were rather difficult.


QIYOSIY DARAJA
Qiyosiy daraja biror bir otni boshqa otga nisbatan taqqoslaganda ishlatiladi.
1. Qiyosiy sifat + THAN (dan ko’ra)
You're more patient than me.
This bag is heavier than the other one.
Her illness was more serious than we thought at first.
My room is larger than yours. Task 10 is more difficult than task 11.
Tom is taller than Nick. This problem is less important than that one.
This river is longer than that one.


2. Than so’zi ishtirok etmaydi. Qiyos yashirin holda bo’ladi yani oldingi gapga taqqos bo’ladi.
It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere …….? (?????)
The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be …….. . (?????)
The weather is too cold in this country. I'd like to live somewhere ………. . (?????)
This bag is too small. I need something ………. . (??????)
The United States is very large but Canada is ……… . (???????)
The Meat in this shop is expensive. Let’s go to the next shop, they may have .......... . (???????)


3. Qiyosni kuchaytirish uchun quyidagi so’zlardan ancha, biroz ma’nosida foydalanamiz.
Much
Far
A lot
A bit
A little + QIYOSIY SIFAT
Even
Any
No
Slightly
Still
Many
A few
My room is much larger than yours. Nodir is far taller than Akmal.
This book is much more interesting than that one.
Exercise 10 is a lot more difficult than exercise 11.
John is slightly cleverer than Nick.
Izoh: much/many/a few/ a little qiyos kuchaytiruvchilarining farqi.
-Much/a little – otsiz qiyos kuchaytirishda.
She is much taller than her brother. She is a little more beautiful than Ann.
- Much/a little – uncountable noun bilan qiyos kuchaytiradi.
There is much more bread than the last time.
-Many/ a few – countable noun bilan qiyos kuchaytiradi.
He has many more books than me.
4. Quyidagi 2 sifat faqat qiyosiy daraja sifatidir.
Superior (sifati jihatdan balandroq)
+ than emas TO (dan ko’ra) ishlatiladi
Inferior (sifat jihatdan pastroq)
My jacket is superior to that jacket. This book is inferior to that book.


5. THE former / THE latter
bu ikki sifat gapda mavjud bo’lgan 2 otni qayta takrorlamasdan ularning biriga izoh berish uchun ishlatiladi.
THE former = birinchisi, oldingisi
THE latter = ikkinchisi, keyingisi
Jane and Mary are friends. The former knows English well.
Mark Twain and Charles Dickens are both excellent writers. I prefer the latter.
A) late B) later C) latter D) the latter E) latest


6) Different + than FROM
(farqli) (dan ko’ra)
My book is different from yours. Our house is different from your house.


7) Prefer + than TO
(afzal ko’rmoq) (dan ko’ra)
Smby TO smby
Prefer Smth TO smth
Doing TO doing
I prefer tea to coffee. Nick prefers Tom to Bob. I prefer walking to sleeping.


8. BUT-ammo, lekin, biroq
a) __GAP__ , but + qiyosiy daraja
The United States is very large but Canada is ……… . (???????)


b) __GAP__ , but + ortirma daraja + ot
Washington is the capital of the USA, but New York is the biggest city.


9. Older/ elder / the oldest/ the eldest
A) older = yosh jihatdan kattaroq, qariroq, eskiroq. (qiyosiy sifat) (than bilan ishlatiladi)
Tom looks older than he really is. Martin is older than his brother.
I'm surprised Diane is only 25. I thought she was older.
He is older than me. His car is older than mine. He is older than I am.


B) elder = katta (than bilan ishlatilmaydi)
Elder + qarindoshlik= (brother, sister, son, daughter, uncle, aunt)
His elder brother is older than I am.
My elder brother is married. My elder brother studies at the university.
Ann's younger sister is still at school. Her elder sister is a nurse.


C) the oldest = yosh jihatdan eng katta, eng qari, eng eski. (ortirma sifat)
This is the oldest theatre in London. He is the oldest among his friends.


D) the eldest = to’ng’ich
The eldest + qarindoshlik= (brother, sister, son, daughter, uncle, aunt)
My eldest brother is married. Amir Timur liked his eldest son very much.
Tom is the eldest in his family.


10. Farther/Further
A) Farther/Further + (than) = uzoqroq
He lives farther than Nick. John walked further than me. York is farther/further than Selby.


B) Further + OT = qo’shimcha
I need further information about this question. Will you send me further news?
He gave me further advice about this problem. Please send me further details.


Synonym
IZOH: The latest + OT = so’nggi chiqqan, yangi
I need the latest information about this question. Will you send me the latest news?
What is the latest news, tod I haven’t read the latest books of Conan Doyle.


11. Of lik strukturada otlar kelsa quyidagicha.
Than that of - birlik otni takrorlamaslik uchun
Than those of – ko’plik otni takrorlamaslik uchun
The territory of Uzbekistan is larger than that(territory) of England.
The salary of the director’s is higher than(salary) that of the secretary.


ORTIRMA DARAJA
Sifatning ortirma darajasi biror bir otni otlar guruhi ichida ajratib ko’rsatishda “eng … ligi” ni ko’rsatish uchun ishlatiladi.


A) Gapda OF (ning) bilan kelsa
This is the most important of the problems. The Nile is the longest of the rivers.
W. Shakespeare is the most famous of the English writers.
Izoh: Gapda OF the two kelsa THE Qiyosiy daraja ish-di.
She is the cleverer of the two girls.


B) Gapda IN bilan (ichida)
Yangtze river is the longest in Asia. The Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.
Bill Gates is the richest man in the USA.