8127/frame/fm

 
O
 
Occam’s razor
, 9
O.J. Simpson, 175, 266, 320
Opinion(s)
conclusion of singular source as, 150
expressing, 296
of individualization, 148
Optimization, 222, 233
Orfila, Mathiew, 25, 38, 41
Osborn, Albert, 35
 
P
Paradigm, 75
Paraffin, 213
Partial results, 293
Pattern
recognition, 262
transfer evidence, 77
PCR, see Polymerase chain reaction
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 150
 
People v. Maclanahan
, 109
 
People v. Morganti
, 225
 
People v. Morin
, 107, 261
 
People v. Simpson
, 201, 205, 211, 294
Persistence, 173, 176
Personal identity, 56, 114
Personal limitations, 289
Personal preparation by testimony, 287
 
Philosophy of Pragmatism
, 150
Photography, 209
Photomicrography, 53
Physical evidence, 12, 13, 16, 17, 29, 114, 159, 284
associative, 57
conceptual nature of, 103
examination, 145, 196
experts, 291
gathered from criminal event, 165
generation of, 76
with individualizing potential, 129
nonbiological, 108
by origin, 359
relevant, 101
results of, 176
scope and definitions, 12–14
Physical evidence, recognition of, 101–111
crime, crime event, and crime scene, 102–103
evidence, 103–109
law and, 101–102
reference and, 109–110
search for evidence, 105–108
state of evidence, 108–109
Physical match, 35
absence of, 90
comparison, 13
complementary edges in, 88
evidence, 85, 130, 133
examinations, 141
Physical transfer, 94
Physiological fluids, 166
Poe, Edgar Allen, 25
Poincaré, Henri, 166
Polarizing microscope, 36
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 34
-based techniques, 51
DNA typing using, 128
Popper, Karl, 149, 160
Population
frequency, 133
studies, 142
Positive controls, 229
Posner, Max, 37
Precision, 225
Preliminary hypothesis, 207
Preservational evidence, 210
Presumptive tests, 32, 208
Primer residue, 256
Principal fact, 159
Print and impression evidence, 14, 136
Prior odds, 144
Private laboratories, 275
Profession, membership in, 314
Professional knowledge, standard for, 307
Professional practice, 301
Proficiency tests, 307, 309
Prosecution
experts, unethical, 316
hypothesis, 168, 175, 176
Prostate specific antigen (PSA), 33
Provisional hypotheses, 172
PSA, see Prostate specific antigen
Purkinji, John, 29