8127/frame/fm

 
S
Saint Valentine’s day massacre, 37
Saliva, buccal cells in, 33
Samuel Clemens, 27
Scale
of detection, 119, 128, 134
of fragmentation, 88
of homogeneity, 88
of significant traits, 128
Science, 4
defined, 5
durable, 7
dynamic, 6
inferential reasoning in, 160
philosophy of, 8
question, 201, 234, 246
use of in civil law, 17
Scientific conclusion, 281
Scientific criminology, 44
Scientific evidence, 14, 291
Scientific hypothesis, 248
Scientific method, 5
Scientific philosophy, 147, 160
Scientific principles, fundamental, 80
x8127c index Page 370 Friday, July 21, 2000 11:35 AM

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Index
 
371
Scientific question, 15, 173, 203
Scientific Working Group in Material Analysis and 
Testing (SWGMAT), 45, 231
Scope and definitions, 3–14
forensic science and criminalistics, 10–12
forensic science and forensic scientist, 4–5
physical evidence, 12–14
science in forensic science, 5–8
durability of science, 7
dynamics of science, 6–7
forensic science and applied science, 7–8
science defined, 5–6
science lessons from history, 8–9
Scraping, 209
Secondary transfer, 96
Second blind read, 237
Second law of thermodynamics, 91
Semen, sperm cells in, 33
Sequence of events, 182
Serological typing systems, 33
Serology, 32, 51
Sexual assault, 16
Sheppard, Marilyn, 174, 183, 253
Sheppard, Sam, 174, 183
Sherlock Holmes, 24, 25, 44, 85
Shoe print, 14, 96, 97, 130, 167
Shooting reconstruction, 178
Short tandem repeats (STRs), 34
Signal vs. noise, 128
Significant figures, 284, 285
Simpson, Nicole Brown, 205
Simpson, O.J., 175, 266, 320
Simulation, predictive value of, 180
Single-locus system, 51
Skuse, Dr. Frank, 39
Solid dose
analysis, 14
drugs, 38
SOP, see Standard operating procedure
Source(s)
conclusion of single common, 151
determination, 87, 121, 137, 158, 159, 167, 170, 
182, 189
properties confounding, 89
properties useful for, 88
strength of, 140, 269
evidence of common, 143
inference of, 137, 265
level of, 116
multiple, 123
original, 94
relationship of evidence to, 140
relationship of item to, 123
to target, 268
unique, 137
Spatial trait transfer, 96
Specialty laboratory, 240
Sperm, 16
Standardization, 13, 231
Standard operating procedure (SOP), 235, 258
Standards, 222, 229
State laboratory, 278
Statement of conclusion, 268
State of the practice, 306
Statutory law, 102, 292
Stielow, Charles, 37
Stoney, 189
STRs, see Short tandem repeats
Subconscious bias, 249, 263, 264
Substance, nature of, 114
Substrate control, 230
Swabbing, 209
SWGMAT, see Scientific Working Group in Mate-
rial Analysis and Testing