6. Word-building 17. Modern English phraseology 3

16. Word-building 2
17. Modern English phraseology 3
Structure of word-groups 3
Meaning of word-groups 3
Motivation in word-groups 3
Structural class-ion 4
Etimological class-ion 4
18.Lexico-semantic grouping in Modern English lexicone 6
19. The Latin borrowings of different periods. 7
20.French as the most important foreign influence on the English language 9
21.The Noun 12
22.The Verb 13
23. The Phrase 15
24. The Sentence 17
25. Categorial structure of the word 19
26.The theory of phoneme 21
27. Lexical stylistic devices. Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices. 23
28.The theory of intonation. 25
29. Phonetic and Graphical stylistic devices 27
30. Syntactical stylistic devices 28

16. Word-building

Borrowing words from other languages is not the only way in which the vocabulary of a language may be expended. A number of linguistics processes may operate to enable speaker to coin new words from those that are already in the vocabulary.
One of the most productive ways in which new words have been coined especially in modern times is processes called compounding, derivation, back formation, conversion, shortening.
Compounding involves combining two or more existing words in order to form a third new word.
E.g. double-glazing is a compound formed from the adjective double and the present participle (verbal noun) glazing.
The noun “motor-way” is formed from two nouns “motor” and “way”.
Most compounds are nouns. They are coined because there is a need to name an object or thing that has not been named before and because the meaning of a compound is usually transparent (i.e. it can be deduced from the meanings of the words from which it is formed). It readily commends itself to acceptance by the speaker of the language. Not all compounds are nouns. Indeed, most word classes may contain compounds. E.g. to over-charge (verb), outside (adverb), into (preposition), yourself (pronoun), snow-white (adjective).
There is another kind of compounding in which the parts of the compound are not themselves independent words. Those are compounds formed from the Latin and Greek loan words. In a word like “bibliography” neither “biblio” nor “graphy” are words in English though they are with suitable inflexions in Latin or Greek with the meaning “book” and “writing” respectively. We refer to these compounds as classical compounds and to their parts as “combining forms”.
Many scientific and academic words continue to be coined using the combining forms borrowed from Latin and Greek, such as: bio- -ology; electro- -phile; tele- -scope.
Another highly productive process by which new words are coined is derivation. Derivation involves adding to an existing word either a suffix (at the end) or a prefix (at the beginning). Suffixes and prefixes known collectively as affixes may not stand alone as words. They occure only in combination with a word.
e.g. the noun vacation is derived from the verb vacate by the addition of the suffix “-ion” and the negative form dislocate (verb) and dislocation (noun) are derived by the addition of the prefix “dis-”.
Frequently as we see this location the function of the affix (particularly suffixes) is to derive a related word in a different word class: suffix “-ion” changes verbs to nouns.
Alternatively there is no change of word class. Sometimes the change is from one kind of word to another kind of word in the same word-class.
e.g. the suffix “-hood” changes concrete noun to an abstract noun as in “childhood”, “brotherhood” or the affix (especially prefixes) adds some variant of meaning to the word, i.e. subject to derivation.
e.g. the negative meaning of “dis-” in dislocation.