6. Word-building 17. Modern English phraseology 3



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Bog'liq
Иностранный язык (английская часть)

forms of address: sir, madam, mister, mistress, master, servant.

  • names of some meals: dinner, supper, (while “breakfast” remained native).

  • names of some dishes: here the words “beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, are absolutely different from the names of the animals from whose meat they are cooked (which remained native English words): ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine.

  • names of town trades bore French names while simple country occupations retained their native names:

    French words

    English words

    butcher

    Miller

    Carpenter (плотник)

    Shepherd

    Draper (торговец мануф. товарами)

    shoemaker

    Grocer (бакалейщик)

    Smith

    painter

    Spinner (прядильщик)

    tailor

    Weaver (ткач)

    1. Finally, many French loan-words cannot be referred to a definite semantic sphere:

    advice; comfort; excuse; letter; pale; air; cry; face; manner; pass; scissors, allow; firm; move; please; single, anxious; double; flower; necessary; previous; stupid sudden
    autumn; eager; nice; tender, enjoy; hour; noise; river; treasure, change; enter; joy; remember; very, envy; large; occupy; satisfy; use.
    Some adverbs (sure, certain(ly)), exclamations, oaths & swearings entered the language, because it became fashionable among the aristocracy to use them.
    French influence led to different changes in the vocabulary.
    Firstly, there were many innovations, i.e. names of new objects & concepts, which enlarged the vocabulary by adding new items.
    Secondly, many native words were replaced by French equivalents, because they were synonyms.


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