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From the early Soviet years the path for Jewish intelligentsia and youth was open as wide
as possible in science and culture, given Soviet restrictions. (Olga Kameneva, Trotsky’s sister,
patronized high culture in the very early Soviet years.)
Already in 1919 a large number of Jewish youth went into moviemaking — an art praised by
Lenin for its ability to govern the psychology of the masses. Many of them took charge of movie
studios, film schools and film crews.
For example, B. Shumyatsky, one of the founders of the Mongolian Republic, and S.
Dukelsky were heads of the main department of the movie industry at different times. Impressive
works of early Soviet motion cinematography were certainly a Jewish contribution. The
Jewish
Encyclopedia lists numerous administrators, producers, directors, actors, script writers and
motion picture theorists. Producer Dziga Vertov is considered a classic figure in Soviet, cinema,
mostly nonfiction. His works include
Lenin’s Truth,
Go Soviets,
Symphony of the Donbass [the
Donetsk Basin], and The
Three Songs about Lenin. (It is less known that he also orchestrated
desecration of the holy relics of St. Sergius of Radonezh.)
In the documentary genre, Esther Shub, by tendentious cutting and editing of fragments
of old documentaries, produced full-length propaganda movies including
The Fall of Romanovs
(1927) and others, and later glorifying ones. Other famous Soviet names include S. Yutkevitch,
G. Kozintsev and L. Trauberg (SVD, New Babel). F. Ermler organized the Experimental Movie
Studio. Among notable others are G. Roshal (
The Skotinins), Y. Raizman (
Hard Labor Camps,
Craving of Earth among others.).
By far, the largest figure of Soviet cinematography was Sergei Eisenstein. He introduced
the epic spirit and grandeur of huge crowd scenes, tempo, new techniques of editing and
emotionality into the art of cinematography. However he used his gifts as ordered. The
worldwide fame of
Battleship Potemkin was a battering ram for the purposes of the Soviets and
in its irresponsibly falsified history encouraged the Soviet public to further curse Czarist Russia.
Made-up events, such as the massacre on the Odessa Steps scene and the scene where a crowd of
rebellious seamen is covered with a tarpaulin for execution, entered the world’s consciousness as
if they were facts. First it was necessary to serve Stalin’s totalitarian plans and then his
nationalistic idea. Eisenstein was there to help.
Though the
Jewish Encyclopedia lists names in the arts by nationality, I must repeat: not
in nationalism does one find the main key to the epoch of the early Soviet years, but in the
destructive whirlwind of internationalism, estranged from any feeling of nationality or traditions.
And here in theater but close to authorities we see the glorious figure of Meyerhold, who became
the leading and most authoritarian star of the Soviet theater. He had numerous impassioned
admirers but wasn’t universally recognized. From late recollections of Tyrkova-Vyazemskaya,
Meyerhold appears as a dictator subjugating both actors and playwrights alike to his will by his
dogmatism and dry formalism.
Komissarzhevskaya sensed that “his novelty lacks creative
simplicity and ethical and esthetical clarity.” He “clipped actor’s wings… paid more attention to
the frame than to the portrait”. He was a steady adversary of Mikhail Bulgakov. Of course, the
time was such that artists had to pay for their privileges. Many paid, including Kachalov,
Nemirovitch-Danchenko and A. Tairov-Kornblit, the talented producer of the Chamber Theater
and a star of that unique early Soviet period. (In 1930, Tairov denounced the Prompartia in the
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