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(Rykov) and the GPU that they had nothing against Zionists as long as they did not arouse the
Jewish population against Soviet power.
D. Pasmanik suggested in 1924 that “Zionists, Orthodox and nationalist Jews should be
in the front ranks of those fighting alongside Soviet power and the Bolshevik worldview”. But
there was no united front and no front rank.
In the second half of the Twenties, persecution of the Zionists was renewed and the
exchange of prison sentences for exile abroad was sharply curtailed. In 1928 authorities
dissolved the until-then still quasi-legal Poale Zion and liquated the legal Gekhaluz, closing its
farms. Almost all underground Zionist organizations were destroyed at that time. Opportunities
to leave declined sharply after 1926. Some of the Zionists remained in prison or were exiled.
The mass attraction of young urban Jews to communist and Soviet culture and programs
was matched with a no less stubborn resistance from religious Jewry and older Jews from the
former Pale. The party used the rock of the YevSek to crush and suppress this resistance.
One only has to be in a Jewish city such as Minsk or Vitebsk to see how all dthat was
once worthy in Judaism, respected and worthy of respect had been turned upside down, crushed
with poverty, insult, and hopelessness and how those pushed into higher places were the
dissolute, frivolous, arrogant and brazen. Bolshevik power became the carrier of terrible ruin,
material and moral in the Jewish world. The mass of Jewish Bolsheviks on one hand and of
Jewish NEPmen on the other indicate the depth of the cultural collapse of Jewry. And if radical
healing from Bolshevism among the Russian people was to come from a revival of religious,
moral and nationalist life then the Jewish idea must work for that also in their lives.
And work they did, but indicators vary as to degree of intensity and success. A near
contemporary considered that Jewish society turned out either to have no rudder and no sail, or
was confused and in this confusion spiritually turned away from its sources, in contrast to
Russian society where there was still some resistance, albeit clumsy and unsuccessful. From the
end of the Twenties to the beginning of the Thirties the Jews abandoned their traditional way of
life on a mass scale In the past 20 years Russian Jewry had gone further and further away from
its historical past, killing the Jewish spirit and Jewish tradition. And a few years later on the very
eve of WWII with the ascension in Russia of the Bolshevik dictatorship, the fight between
fathers and children in the Jewish street had taken a particularly bitter form.
Taking stock a half-century later, M. Agursky reminisces in Israel that the misfortunes
that befell Jews after the revolution to a large degree were brought on by the renunciation by
Jewish youth of its religion and national culture, “the singular, exclusive influence of communist
ideology. The mass penetration by Jews in all areas of Russian life and of the Soviet leadership
in the first 20 years after the revolution turned not to be constructive for Jews, but harmful.”
Finally, an author in the 1990s writes: “Jews were the élite of the revolution and on the
winning side. That’s a peculiar fact of the Russian internationalist socialist revolution. In the
course of modernizing, Jewry was politically Bolshevized and socially Sovietized. The Jewish
community as an ethnic, religious and national structure disappeared without a trace.” Jewish
youth coming to Bolshevism were intoxicated by its new role and influence. For this, others too
would have gladly given up their nationality. But this turning from the old ways to
internationalism and atheism was not the same as assimilation into the surrounding majority, a
centuries-old Jewish fear. This was leaving the old, along with all other youth, to come together
and form a new Soviet people. Only a small stream was truly assimilationalist in the old sense,
like those people who converted to Orthodox Christianity and wished their own
dissolution in the
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Russian culture. We find one such example in attorney Y. Gurevich, legal defender of
metropolitan Venamin during his fatal trial in 1922.
The
Jewish Encyclopedia writes of Jewish workers in the party and government
apparatus of economic, scientific and even military organizations and institutions, that most did
not hide their Jewish origins, but they and their families quickly absorbed Russian culture and
language and being Jewish lost its cultural content.
Yes, the culture which sustained them suffered, “Soviet Man” was created, but the
decades which followed showed that a remnant of Jewish self-awareness was preserved and
remained. Even in the flood of the internationalism of the Twenties, mixed marriages (between
Jews and Russians or Jews and any non-Jew), as measured from 1924-1926, were only 6.3
percent of the total marriages for Jews in the USSR, including 16.8 percent in the RSFSR, but
only 2.8 percent in Byelorussia and 4.5 percent in Ukraine (according to another source, on
average in USSR, 8.5; in RSFS percent R, 21 percent in Byelorussia, 3.2 percent and in Ukraine,
five percent. Assimilation had only begun.
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