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central synagogues were closed in Vitebsk, Minsk, Gomel, Kharkov, Bobruisk. The central
Moscow synagogue on Maroseika managed stay open thanks to the efforts of Rabbi Maze in the
face of Dzerzhinsky and Kalinin. In 1926, the choral synagogue in Kiev was closed and
children’s Yiddish theatre opened in its place. But the majority of synagogues continued to
function. In 1927, 1034 synagogues and prayer halls were functioning in Ukraine and the number
of synagogues towards the end of the Twenties exceeded the number in 1917 .
Authorities attempted to institute Living Synagogues based on the model of the Living
Church imposed upon the Russian Orthodox Church. A portrait of Lenin was to be hung in a
prominent place of such a synagogue, the authorities brought in red rabbis and communized
rabbis. However they failed to bring about a split among the believers and the vast majority of
religious Jews was decisively against the Living Synagogue, bringing the plan of Soviet
authorities to naught.
At the end of 1930 a group of rabbis from Minsk was arrested. They were freed after two
weeks and made to sign a document prepared by the GPU agreeing that: (1) the Jewish religion
was not persecuted in the USSR and, (2) during the entire Soviet era not one rabbi had been shot.
Authorities tried to declare the day of rest to be Sunday or Monday in Jewish areas.
School studies were held on the Sabbath by order of the YevSek. In 1929 authorities tried the
five-day work week and the six-day work week with the day of rest upon the 5th or 6th day,
respectively. Christians lost Sunday and Jews lost the Sabbath. Members of the YevSek
rampaged in front of synagogues on holidays and in Odessa broke into the Brodsky Synagogue
and demonstratively ate bread in front of those fasting and praying. They instituted community
service days during sacred holidays like Yom Kippur. During holidays, especially when the
synagogue was closed, they requisitioned Talles, Torah scrolls, prayer shawls and religious
books. Import of matzoh from abroad was sometimes allowed and sometimes forbidden. In 1929
they started taxing matzoh preparation. Larin notes the amazing permission granted to bring
matzoh from Königsberg to Moscow for Passover in 1929.
In the Twenties private presses still published Jewish religious literature. In Leningrad,
Hasids managed to print prayer books in several runs, a few thousand copies each while
Katzenelson, a rabbi from Leningrad, was able to use the printing-house
Red Agitator. During
1920s, Jewish calendars were printed and distributed in tens of thousand copies. The Jewish
community was the only religious group in Moscow allowed to build religious buildings. A
second synagogue was built on Visheslaviz alley nearby Sushchevsky Embankment and a third
in Cherkizov. These three synagogues stayed open throughout the Thirties .
But young Jewish writers and poets gleefully wrote about the empty synagogues, the
lonely rabbi who had no one to teach and about the boys from the villages who grew up to
become the terrible red commissars. And we saw the Russian members of Komsomol rampaging
on Easter Sunday, knocking candles and holy bread out of worshippers’ hands, tearing the
crosses from the cupolas and we saw thousands of beautiful churches broken into a rubble of
bricks and we remember the thousands of priests that were shot and the thousands of others who
were sent to the camps.
In those years, we all drove God out.
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