The First Acts Of Jewish Retaliation
The most abrupt and notable change occurred in the judiciary. If earlier, the Batyushin’s
commission on bribery investigated the business of the obvious crook D. Rubinstein, now the
situation became reversed: the case against Rubinstein was dropped, and Rubinstein paid a visit
to the Extraordinary Investigatory Commission in the Winter Palace and successfully demanded
prosecution of the Batyushin’s commission itself. Indeed, in March 1917 they arrested General
Batyushin, Colonel Rezanov, and other investigators.
The investigation of activities of that commission began in April, and, as it turned out, the
extortion of bribes from the bankers and sugar factory owners by them was apparently
significant. Then the safes of Volga-Kama, Siberian, and Junker banks, previously sealed up by
Batyushin, were unsealed and all the documents returned to the banks. (Semanovich and Manus
were not so lucky. When Simanovich was arrested as secretary to Rasputin, he offered 15,000
rubles to the prison convoy guards, if they would let him make a phone call, yet the request was
of course turned down. As for Manus, suspected of being involved in shady dealings with the
German agent Kolyshko, he battled the counterintelligence agents who came for him by shooting
through his apartment’s door. After his arrest, he fled the country).
The situation in the Extraordinary Investigatory Commission of the Provisional
Government can be manifestly traced by records of interrogations in late March. Protopopov was
asked how he came to be appointed to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and in response he
mentioned the directive issued by him: the residence rights of the Jews were significantly
expanded in Moscow. Asked about the priorities of his Ministry, he first recalled the foodstuffs
affair, and, after then the progressive issue — the Jewish question. The director of the
Department of Police, A.T. Vasilyev didn’t miss an opportunity to inform the interrogators that
he helped defend the sugar factory owners (Jews): “Gruzenberg called me in the morning in my
apartment and thanked me for my cooperation. Rosenberg visited me to thank me for my efforts
on his behalf.” In this way, the accused tried to get some leniency for themselves.
A notable aspect of the weeks of March was an energetic pursuit of known or suspected
Judeophobes. The first one arrested, on February 27, was the Minister of Justice Scheglovitov.
He was accused of personally giving the order to unjustly pursue the 1911 case against Mendel
-95
-
Beilis. In subsequent days Beilis’s accusers, the prosecutor Vipper and Senator Chaplinsky, were
also arrested. However, they were not charged with anything specific, and in May 1917 Vipper
was merely dismissed from his position as the chief prosecutor of the Criminal Department of
the Senate; his fate was sealed later, by the Bolsheviks.
The court investigator Mashkevich was ordered to resign — for during the Beilis trial he
had sanctioned not only expert witness testimony against the argument on the ritual murder, but
he also allowed a second expert testimony arguing for the case of such murder. The Minister of
Justice Kerensky requested transfer of all materials of the Beilis case from the Kiev Regional
Court, planning a loud re-trial, but during the stormy course of 1917 that didn’t happen. The
chairman of the Union of the Russian People, Dmitry Dubrovin, was arrested and his archive
was seized; the publishers of the far-right newspapers Glinka-Yanchevsky and Poluboyarinova
were arrested too; the bookstores of the Monarchist Union were simply burned down.
For two weeks, they hunted for the fugitive “anti-Semites” N. Markov and Zamyslovsky,
doing nightly searches for two weeks in St. Petersburg, Kiev and Kursk. Zamislovsky was
hunted for his participation in the case against Beilis, and Markov obviously for his speeches in
the State Duma. At the same time, they didn’t touch Purishkevich, one assumes because of his
Revolutionary speeches in the Duma and his participation in the murder of Rasputin. An ugly
rumor arose that Stolypin took part in the murder of Iollos, and in Kremenchuk, a street that had
previously been named after Stolypin was renamed after Iollos. Over all of Russia there were
hundreds of arrests, either because of the Gentile victims’ former positions or even because of
their former attitudes.
It should be noted that the announcement of Jewish equality did not cause a single
pogrom. It is worth noticing not only for the comparison to 1905, but also because all through
March and April, all major newspapers were constantly reporting the preparation of pogroms,
and that somewhere the pogroms had already supposedly begun.
Rumors started on March 5, that somewhere either in Kiev or Poltava Province Jewish
pogroms were brewing, and someone in Petrograd put up a hand-written anti-Jewish flyer. As a
result, the Executive Committee of Soviet Workers and Soldiers’ Deputies formed a special
visiting commission led by Rafes, Aleksandrovich, and Sukhanov. Their task was to delegate
commissars to various towns, with the first priority to go into the regions where the Black
Hundreds, the servants of the old regime, were allegedly trying to sow ethnic antagonism among
the population. In the newspaper Izvestia of the Soviet Workers and Soldiers’ Deputies there was
an article entitled Incitement to Pogrom: “It would be a huge mistake, tantamount to a crime, to
close our eyes to a new attempt of the overthrown dynasty… because it is them [the
Monarchists] who organize the trouble … In Kiev and Poltava provinces, among the
underdeveloped, backward classes of the population at this moment there is incitement against
Jews … Jews are blamed for the defeats of our Army, for the revolutionary movement in Russia,
and for the fall of the monarchy…. It’s an old trick, but all the more dangerous because of its
timing…. It is necessary to quickly take decisive measures against the pogrom instigators.” After
this the commander of the Kiev Military District General Khodorovich issued an order: all
military units were to be on high alert and be ready to prevent possible anti-Jewish riots.
Long after this, but still in April, in various newspapers every two or three days they
published rumors of preparations for Jewish pogroms, or at the very least about moving of piles
of “pogrom literature” by railroad. Yet the most stubborn rumors circulated about a coming
pogrom in Kishinev — that was to happen at the end of March, right between the Jewish (and
Russian) Orthodox Passovers, as happened in 1903. And there were many more such alarming
-96
-
press reports. One even said that the police in Mogilev were preparing a pogrom near the
Headquarters of Supreme High Command. Not one of these proved true.
One need only get acquainted with the facts of those months, to immerse oneself in the
whole “February” atmosphere — of the defeated Right and the triumphant Left, of the stupor and
confusion of the common folk — to dismiss outright any realistic possibility of anti-Jewish
pogroms. But how could ordinary Jewish residents of Kiev or Odessa forget those horrible days
twelve years before? Their apprehension, their wary caution to any motion in that direction was
absolutely understandable. The well-informed newspapers were a different story. The alarms
raised by the newspapers, by enlightened leaders of the liberal camp, and half-baked socialist
intellectuals — one cannot call this anything except political provocation.
Provocation, however, that fortunately didn’t work. One actual episode occurred at the
Bessarabian bazaar in Kiev, on April 28: a girl stole a piece of ribbon in a Jewish shop and ran
away; the store clerk caught up to her and began to beat her. A crowd rushed to lynch the clerk
and the store owner, but the police defended them. In another incident, in the Rogachevsky
district, people angered by exorbitant prices smashed the stores, including Jewish ones.
Where and by whom was the Jewish emancipation met with hostility? Those were our
legendary revolutionary Finland, and our “powerful” ally, Romania. In Finland (as we learned in
Chapter 10 from Jabotinsky) the Jews were forbidden to reside permanently, and since 1858,
only descendants of Jewish soldiers who served there in Finland, during the Crimean War, were
allowed to settle. The passport law of 1862 confirmed that Jews were forbidden entry into
Finland, although temporary habitation was permitted at the discretion of a local governor. Jews
could not become Finnish citizens; in order to get married, a Jew had to go to Russia; the rights
of Jews to testify in Finnish courts were restricted. Several attempts to mitigate the restriction of
the civil rights of the Jews in Finland were not successful. And now, with the advent of Jewish
equal rights in Russia, Finland, not having yet announced its complete independence from
Russia, did not legislate Jewish equality. Moreover, they were deporting Jews who had illegally
moved to Finland, and not in a day, but in an hour, on the next train out. (One such case on
March 16 caused quite a splash in the Russian press.) But Finland was always extolled for
helping the revolutionaries, and liberals and socialists stopped short of criticizing her. Only the
Bund sent a wire to very influential Finnish socialists, reprimanding them that this “medieval”
law was still not repealed. The Bund, “the party of the Jewish proletariat, expresses strong
certainty that you will take out that shameful stain from free Finland.” However, in this certainty,
the Bund was mistaken.
And a huge alarm was raised in the post-February press about the persecution of Jews in
Romania. They wrote that in Jassy it was even forbidden to speak Yiddish at public meetings.
The All-Russian Zionist Student Congress Gekhover proposed “to passionately protest this civil
inequality of Jews in Romania and Finland, which is humiliating to the world Jewry and
demeaning to worldwide democracy.” At that time Romania was weakened by major military
defeats. So the Prime Minister Bratianu was making excuses in Petrograd in April saying that
“most of the Jews in Romania migrated there from Russia,” and in particular that “prompted
Romanian government to limit the political rights of the Jews”; he promised equality soon.
However, in May we read: “In fact, nothing is happening in that direction.” In May, the
Romanian communist Rakovsky reported that “the situation of the Jews in Romania is
unbearable”. The Jews were blamed for the military defeat of the country; they were accused of
fraternizing with Germans in the occupied parts of the country. If the Romanian government was
not afraid to anger their allies in the Entente, then one would fear for the very lives of the Jews.
-97
-
The worldwide response among the allies of the February Revolution was expressed in a
tone of deep satisfaction, even ecstasy among many, but in this response there was also a short-
sighted calculation: that now Russia will become invincible in war. In Great Britain and the USA
there were large meetings in support of the Revolution and the rights of the Jews. (I wrote about
some of these responses in March 1917 in Chapters 510 and 621). From America they offered to
send a copy of the Statue of Liberty to Russia, yet as the situation in Russia continued to
deteriorate, they never got around to the Statue.
On March 9 in the House of Commons of the British Parliament the Minister of Foreign
Affairs was asked a question about the situation of the Jews in Russia: does he plan to consult
with the Russian government regarding guarantees to the Russian Jews for the future and
reparations for the past?
The answer showed the full trust that the British government had for the new Russian
government. From Paris, the president of the International Jewish Union congratulated Russian
Prime Minister Prince Lvov, and Lvov answered: “From today onward liberated Russia will be
able to respect the faiths and customs of all of its peoples, forever bound by a common religion
of love of their homeland.”
The newspapers Birzhevka, Rech and many others reported on the sympathies of Jacob
Schiff, a well known leader of North American circles hostile to Russia. He wrote: “I was always
the enemy of Russian absolutism, which mercilessly persecuted my co-religionists. Now let me
congratulate the Russian people for this great act which they committed so perfectly. And now
he “invites the new Russia to conduct broad credit operations in America.” Indeed, at the time he
provided substantial credit to the Kerensky government. Later in emigration, the exiled Russian
right-wing press published investigative reports attempting to show that Schiff actively financed
the Revolution itself. Perhaps Schiff shared the short-sighted Western hope that the liberal
revolution in Russia would strengthen Russia in the war. Still, the known and public acts of
Schiff, who had always been hostile to Russian absolutism, had even greater effect than any
possible secret assistance to such a revolution.
The February Revolution itself often consciously appealed for support to Jews, an entire
nation enslaved. Eye-witness testimonies that Russian Jews were very ecstatic about the
February Revolution are rife. Yet there are counter-witnesses too, such as Gregory Aronson, who
formed and led the Soviet of Workers’ Deputies of Vitebsk (which later had as a member Y.V.
Tarle, a future historian). He wrote that on the very first day, when news of the Revolution
reached Vitebsk, the newly formed Security Council met in the city Duma, and immediately
afterwards Aronson was invited to a meeting of representatives of the Jewish community (clearly
not rank and file, but leaders). “Apparently, there was a need to consult with me as a
representative of the new dawning era, what to do further … I felt alienation from these people,
from the circle of their interests and from the tense atmosphere, which was at that meetin … I
had a sense that this society belonged mostly to the old world, which was retreating into the
past.We were not able to eliminate a certain mutual chill that had come from somewhere. The
faces of the people I was working with, displayed no uplift or faith. At times, it appeared that
these selfless social activists perceived themselves as elements of the old order.”
That is a precise witness account. Such bewilderment, caution and wavering
predominated among religiously conservative Jews, one assumes, not only in Vitebsk. The
sensible old Jewry, carrying a sense of many centuries of experience of hard ordeals, was
apparently shocked by the sudden overthrow of the monarchy and had serious misgivings. Yet,
in the spirit of the 20th century, the dynamic masses of every nation, including Jews, were
-98
-
already secular, not chained to traditions and very eager to build “the happy new world.” The
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |