Chapter XIV: During 1917
At the beginning of April 1917, the Provisional Government discovered to its surprise
that Russian finances, already for some time in quite bad shape, were on the brink of complete
collapse. In an attempt to mend the situation and stir enthusiastic patriotism, the government
loudly announced the issuance of domestic Freedom Loan bonds.
Rumors about the loan had began circulating as early as March, and Minister of Finance
Tereshchenko informed the press that there were already multi-million pledges from bankers to
buy bonds, mainly from the Jewish bankers, “which is undoubtedly related to the abolition of
religious and national restrictions.” Indeed, as soon as the loan was officially announced names
of large Jewish subscribers began appearing in newspapers, accompanied by prominent front-
page appeals: “Jewish citizens! Subscribe to the Freedom Loan!” and “Every Jew must have the
Freedom Loan bonds!” In a single subscription drive in a Moscow synagogue, 22 million rubles
was collected. During the first two days, Jews in Tiflis subscribed to 1.5 million rubles of bonds;
Jews in Minsk half a million in the first week; the Saratov community 800 thousand rubles of
bonds. In Kiev, the heirs of Brodsky and Klara Ginzburg each spent one million. The Jews
abroad came forward as well: Jacob Schiff, 1 million; Rothschild in London, 1 million; in Paris,
on the initiative of Baron Ginzburg, Russian Jews participated actively and subscribed to
severalmillion worth of bonds. At the same time, the Jewish Committee in Support for Freedom
Loan was established and appealed to public.
However, the government was very disappointed with the overall result of the first month
of the subscription. For encouragement, the lists of major subscribers (who purchased bonds on
25 thousand rubles or more) were published several times: in the beginning of May, in the
beginning of June and in the end of July. The rich who did not subscribe were shamed. What is
most striking is not the sheer number of Jewish names on the lists (assimilated Russian-Germans
with their precarious situation during the Russo-German War were in the second place among
bond-holders) but the near absence of the top Russian bourgeoisie, apart from a handful of
prominent Moscow entrepreneurs.
In politics, left and center parties burgeoned and many Jews had became politically
active. From the very first days after the February Revolution, central newspapers published an
enormous number of announcements about private meetings, assemblies and sessions of various
Jewish parties, initially mostly the Bund, but later Poale Zion, Zionists, Socialist Zionists,
Territorialist Zionists, and the Socialist Jewish Workers’ Party (SJWP). By March 7 we already
read about an oncoming assembly of the All-Russian Jewish Congress – finally, the pre-
revolutionary idea of Dubnov had become widely accepted. However, because of sharp
differences between Zionists and Bundists, the Congress did not materialize in 1917 (nor did it
occur in 1918 either, because of the Civil War and antagonism of Bolshevik authorities.) In
Petrograd, the Jewish People’s Group was re-established with M. Vinaver at the helm. They
were liberals, not socialists; initially, they hoped to establish an alliance with Jewish socialists.
Vinaver declared: “we applaud the Bund – the vanguard of the revolutionary movement.” Yet
the socialists stubbornly rejected all gestures of rapprochement.
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