1Comparative Typology as a branch of general linguistics

By meaning we understand the meaning common to all the words of the given class, thus the meaning of nouns denote things, objects. The meaning of the verb is that of process, action.
By form we understand morphological characteristics of a word, thus a noun is characterized by the category of number, a verb by the category of tense, mood. Besides every part of speech may have some morphological indicators. For ex. Suffixes – ment,-dom,-ship,-ism,-ist, are typical of nouns. (-чик,-щик, -тель). –able, -ful.
By function we understand syntactical properties of a word. Nouns function as subjects and objects, verbs usually are predicates, a verb combines with a following noun (he writes letters) and with the following adverb ( to write quickly). Adverbs may combine with verbs


13. Typology of syntactical systems.
The idea of a syntactical level.
Syntax of language is a level which deals with more complicated units, than a simple word. Syntactical level, as any other level of a lang, has its own set of units – a phrase and a sentence. A phrase is a combination of 2 or more notional words, united on the basis of a certain syntactical relation, playing a nominating function.
Ex. Новые часы – A new watch; читать книгу – to read a book; ходить в школу – to go to school.
So, a phrase as well as a word nominates an object, an event, an action, a process. But in contrast to a word, which presents a whole unit of a lang (Аракин)
In coordinative word combinations, words are in equal positions and it is possible to change their places (mother and son, son and mother) THE SAME IS IN RUUSSIAN. In subordinate word combinations, words can’t change their places (a big house) In every languages, word combinations, words are according to the models of this language. Thus a word combination, formed with the help of subordination maybe characterized by the following features.
1 by forms of expression of syntactical relation (attributive, objective, adverbial)
2 by types of expression of syntactical relations (agreement, government, adjoinment (примыкание))
3 by the position of the dependent or ‘adjunct (придаточное) word, upon the kernel word in preposition or post position (расположение позади)
In both languages, there are word combinations, in which a dependent component gives some temporary characteristic to an object or person which appears during a certain action (he sat pale, он сидел бледный). This type of relation is called predicative and it is typical of both languages.
15. Typology of lexical systems.
The word is the fundamental unit of lang representing the things of the real world and the psychological life of men. There have been many attempts to define “the word” but generally excepted is the following:
The word is a sequence of human sounds conveying a certain concept, idea or meaning which has gained general exceptance in a social group of people speaking the same lang and historically connected. This definition takes meaning as the most essential aspect of the word. So, the question is What meaning Is?
Meaning inseperable from the word itself because it reflects the reality of things. The reality of thought which is also a material phenomenon manifests itself in lang. and the property or quality of a thing which strikes men most of all, he adopts as a basis of for /to naming it.
Perception of external world is different in different lang-es. Language is national and thought is international. But experiments prove lang
Typology of compound words. May be characterized

1. 
   By a number of roots
   
2. 
   Type of connection (adjoinment, adjoining morpheme, and with the help of auxiliary verbs )
   

1 group may be divided into a) sunrise (predicative connection), red-breast (attributive). Black-board. Joining morpheme. Auxiliary words (editor-in-chief, hide-and-see). In Rus they seldom occur мать-и-мачеха.
2 group