1. Tense Categories of the English Language

19. The category of negation in English
In English unlike Russian or Ukrainian one can’t use polynegative form. We have only single negation in English.
A particle not joins some verbs: to be, to have, shall, will can, may, must, ought, need, dare. Double negation is used to neutralize the negation. Confer: not unwise, not unhappy, не незадовільно, не неумный.
Negation can be general and partial. When the negation is before the predicate, it denies the whole utterance. When it is before another part of the sentence, it doesn’t influence the whole utterance: He does not want to go. – I started early so as not to miss the train. I told him not to go.1) word-sentences: No.;2) modal words: Of course not. Definitely not. Indeed not.;3) sentences-interjections: Nonsense. Pshew. Alas. Bosh. Fie.;4)intonationally: me go there?
20. General Characteristics of the English Sentence.

A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language and which serves to the chief means of conveying a thought. A sentence is not only a means of communicating something about reality but also a means of showing the speaker’s attitude to it.

The classification of simple sentences is based on 2 principles:
1/according to the purpose of the utterance
2/according t the structure/
According to the purpose of the utterance – 4 kinds of the sent.
The declarative sent. States a fact in the affirmative or negative form. Here the subject precedes the predicate. It is generally pronounced with a falling intonation. It is necessary to remember that in Eng.sent. only one negation can take place.

He never goes anywhere.

The interrogative sent. Such sent. Asks a question. It is formed by means of inversion, by placing the predicate before the subject.
There are 4 kinds of questions.
General quest. Requiring the answer yes or no and spoken with a rising intonation. Sometimes such questions have a negative form and express astonishment or doubt. Haven’t you seen him yet?
Special qw. Beginning with an interrogative word and spoken with a falling int. The order of words is the same as in general questions, but he interrogative word precedes the auxiliary verb. Where do you live?