1. Tense Categories of the English Language

22. Сonversion in English. Semantic relations within conversion pairs.
Conversion, one of the principle ways of forming words im Modern English.
Conversion referres to an affixless way of word-building, a process of making a new word from some existing root word by changing the category of a part of speech without changing the morphemic shape of the original root-word. The transposition of word from one part of speech into another brings about changes of the paradigm.
Conversion is not only highly productive but also a particularly English way of word-building. It is explained by the analytical structure of Modern English and by the simplicity of paradigms of English parts of speech. A great number of one-syllable words is another factor that facilitates conversion.There are different criteria used to decide on the direction of conversion.
1)the basic word usually has more m-ngs than the derivated one
2) the derivated word is based on the notion expressed by the basic word (logical criteria)
3) if the word has more derivatives based on it, than it’s the basic word (derivational relations within one word cluster)
The semantic criteria shows semantic relations between the members of conversion pairs.
I. Verbs converted from noun (denominal verbs) denote: fish (n) - to fish (v)
II. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal nouns) denote: to move (v) - move (n)
III. Verbs converted from adjectives (deadjectival verbs) get the meaning of "to make (adjective) open (adj) – to open (to make open)


23. Typology of the sound systems of English and Ukranian
There are two major classes of sounds traditionally distinguished in any language - consonants and vowels. Vowels are open sounds and consonants are relatively closed. Consonants are known to have voice and noise combined, while vowels are sounds consisting of voice only.
The alphabet which we use to write English has 26 letters, but there are approximately 44 speach sounds. The number of speech sounds in English varies from dialect to dialect.Vowels are made by opening the mouth and letting air come out freely. Dictionaries say that there are 20 vowel sounds in English. Phonetically there are three distinct kind of vowels used in English: short vowels (ship, pen, put, hot, bat, again), long vowels (see, boot, talk, car, turn)and diphthongs (train, die, hous, nose, coice, chair, ear, poor) The phonological analysis of English consonant sounds helps to distinguish 24 phonemes.There are voiced(b,d,v) and voiceless consonsnts(p,t,k,).Voiceless consonants are usually articulated more strongly than their voiced counterparts, because in voiced consonants, the airflow energy used in pronunciation is split between the laryngeal vibration and the oral articulation.
Vowels: Ukrainian has six vowel phonemes /i/, /I/, /e/, /a/, /u/, /o/.
Consonants: There are 32 consonant phonemes.
Most Ukrainian consonants come in two forms: unpalatalized (hard) and palatalized (soft).