1. Tense Categories of the English Language

16. Syntactic relations in Engl, forms and means of syntactic connection. The word group theory.
Sintagmatic relations in syntax can be regarded as syntactic relations. Syntactic relations are considered to be the matters of content which are formalized by syntactic connections. It should be mentioned that syntactic connections can be of 3 main types:
1) coordination, which is based on sintagmatic relations of independence. Here 2 or more members are equal. The number of constituents is not limited. They may be words, phrases, sentences, clauses.
2)subordination (which is based on sintagmatic relations of dependence). It is always a relation between 2 elements: a syntactically leading kernel and syntactically dependent adjunct. This type of relations exists between words in word-groups and clauses in complex sentences.
3) predication (which is based on sintagmatic relations of interdependence.)It is a basis of a sentence. Primary predication is found between the subject and the predicate. Secondary between the constituents of the predicative construction.
There are several forms of devices which are used for syntactic connection:
1) functional words (conjunctions, prepositions, articles) E.g. a house of mine, red and white.
2) word order is an analytical device marking such forms of subordinate connection as adjoinment and enclosure. E. g. a stone wall.
3)inflexions (in modern Eng the sphere of occurrence of inflexional devices is highly limited. They are in fact exceptional). E.g. saw her in the garden.
Word groups are considered as objective-linguistic reality which constitutes a sentence. According to syntactic connections there are such types of word-groups: 1) Coordinate (e.g. to read and to retell);
2) Subordinate (my pen, bad for you). Subordinate word-groups are classified according to the criteria:
1) The principle of the categorical reference of a kernel word:
a) Substantival word groups (football match);
b) Verbal word groups (to love me);
c) Adjectival word groups (glad to hear);
d) Pronominal word groups (we all, those against);
e) Adverbial word groups(terribly well, 2hours later)