1. Flipped Instruction Description

Theoretical Link
Behaviorism: Spaced repetition was invented by behaviorist theorist Ebbinghaus in 1885.
Example

1. 
   Provide students with a sprinkle of review tasks as a part of their weekly homework.
   
2. 
   Start lessons (or set aside some time each week) with revision of tasks from months previously to jog students’ memory.
   

16. Prompting
Definition
Prompting involves providing students with nudges, guides and questions that will help them to move closer towards an answer. A prompt is a suggestion to a student that they pay attention to a particular aspect of a task that will help them get closer to the answer.
Benefits

• 
  Prompts are used regularly by teachers to get beyond blocks in student learning. Without prompts, students may never develop or improve.
  

Challenges

• 
  It is hard to know exactly how much prompting to give and at what stage. Students need time to think things through and make mistakes. Too much prompting too soon can prevent students from thinking for themselves.
  

Theoretical Link
Social Constructivism: Social constructivists believe teachers have a role in helping students to build knowledge in their minds. Teachers’ interventions can help spur knowledge development.
Examples

1. 
   A teacher might ask a question to get the student to look at the task from a different perspective.
   
2. 
   A teacher may point at a section of a diagram and ask them about that section.
   
3. 
   A teacher might start a sentence and ask a student to finish it.
   
4. 
   Etc.
   

17. Differentiation
Definition
Differentiation is a teaching strategy that requires teachers to change their teaching styles and educational materials to meet the diverse needs of students within a classroom. It generally involves grouping students into several sub-groups in the classroom based on ability, skillset or learning preferences.
Benefits

• 
  Enables the teacher to more effectively address the diverse needs of students in a large classroom.
  
• 
  Ensures learning is more personalized in the hope that no child will be left behind in a lesson.
  

Challenges

• 
  Differentiation is often used as an excuse to dumb down a task – differentiated instruction should be paired with high expectations to ensure all students are working to their maximum potential.