1. Ekologik muammolar va iqtisodiy samaradorlik. Mulk huquqlari va samarali bozor taqsimoti

3.4 – grafik. Po’lat bozori. Manba : Tietenberg, T., Lewis, L. (2012) Environmental & Natural Resource Economics 9th Edition. p. 26.
The effects of a market imperfection for one commodity end up affecting the demands for raw materials, labour, and so on. The ultimate effects are felt through the entire economy.

Bozorning bir tovar oxirigacha takomillashtirilmaganligi natijalari xom ashyo, mehnat va boshqalarga tasir etadi. Oxirgi natijalar butun iqtisodiyot orqali his etiladi.

External economies are not hard to find, however. Private individuals who preserve a particularly scenic area provide an external economy to all who pass. Generally, when external economies are present, the market will undersupply the resources. One other distinction is important. One class of externalities, known as pecuniary externalities, does not present the same kinds of problems as pollution does. Pecuniary externalities arise when the external effect is transmitted through altered prices. Suppose that a new firm moves into an area and drives up the rental price of land. That increase creates a negative effect on all those paying rent and, therefore, is an external diseconomy.
Shunga qaramay,tashqi iqtisodiyot topishga qiyin emas. Xususiy shaxslar

Odatda tashqi iqtisodiyot mavjud bo’lganda, bozor resurslar taklifi ostida bo’ladi. Yana boshqa bir tafovut muhim ahamiyatga ega. Eksternalitlarning yana bir moliyaviy (yoki moddiy) eksternalitlar sinfi sifatida tanilgan, hozirgi ifloslanishdagi mavjud muammolarga o’xshamagan muammolarga ega bo’lmagan eksternalitlar. Moliyaviy eksternalitlar tashqi natija o’zgartirilgan narx orqali berilganda paydo bo’ladi. Deylik yangi bir firma bir hududda harakat qiladi va yerning renta narxi ortadi. Bu o’sish ularning hamma renta to’loviga salbiy tasir qiladi, shuning uchun ham tashqi iqtisodiyot emas