1-dars Kimyoning asosiy tushunchalari

Binar birikmalar
Binar birikma – 2xil elementdan iborat bo`lib, elementlarga elektromanfiyligi katta bo`lgan
element nomiga “id” qo`shimchasi qo`shiladi. A x B y
1.Ftoridlar(I) – F 2 O , NaF , HF , CF 4
2.Xloridlar(I) – HCl, SiCl 4 , CCl 4
3.Bromidlar(I) – HBr , SiBr 4 , CBr 4
4.Yodidlar(I) – CaJ 2 , HJ , CJ 4
5.Sulfidlar(II) –FeS , FeS 2 , CuS , Al 2 S 3
6.Fosfidlar(III) – Ca 3 P 2 , Na 3 P , Mg 3 P 2
7.Nitridlar(III) – AlN , Na 3 N , Mg 3 N 2 .
8.Karbidlar(IV) – CaC 2 , Al 4 C 3 , Ag 2 C 2 , Fe 3 C
9.Gidridlar(I) – NaH , CaH 2 , AlH 3 , SiH4
10.Silitsidlar(IV) – Mg 2 Si , Ca 2 Si
Reaksiyalar:
1) Yonish reaksiyalari:
- Ko`p uchraydigan oddiy moddalarning yonish reaksiyalari:
1) C+O 2 = CO; C+O 2 = CO 2 . 2) P+O 2 = P 2 O 3 ; P+O 2 = P 2 O 5 .
3) S+O 2 = SO 2 ; S+O 2 (kat) = SO 3. 4) Si+O 2 = SiO 2 .
- Ko`p uchraydigan murakkab moddalarning yonish reaksiyalari:
1) C x H y +O 2 = CO 2 +H 2 O, 2) PH 3 +O 2 = P 2 O 5 +H 2 O, 3) SiH 4 +O 2 = SiO 2 +H 2 O, 4) 4NH 3 +5O 2 (kat) = 4NO+6H 2 O, 4NH 3 +3O 2 (kat-siz) = 2N 2 +6H 2 O
2) Moddalarning suv bilan reaksiyalari:
1) Na + H 2 O = NaOH + H 2 ; Ca + H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2 + H 2
2) NaH + H 2 O = NaOH + H 2 ; CaH 2 + H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2 + H 2
3) Na 2 O + H 2 O = NaOH ; CaO + H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2
4) Na 2 O 2 + H 2 O = NaOH + O 2 ; CaO 2 + H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2 + O 2
5) SO 3 + H 2 O = H 2 SO 4 ; SiO 2 + H 2 O = X
6) Ca 3 P 2 + H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2 + PH 3
7) AlN + H 2 O = Al(OH) 3 + NH 3
8) CaC 2 + H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2 + C 2 H 2 ; Al 4 C 3 + H 2 O = Al(OH) 3 + CH 4
9) Mg 2 Si + H 2 O = Mg(OH) 2 + SiH 4
2) Parchalanish reaksiyalari:
- tushuniladigan:
1) Fe(OH) 3 = Fe 2 O 3 + H 2 O, Al(OH) 3 = Al 2 O 3 + H 2 O, Cu(OH) 2 = CuO + H 2 O
2) H 2 SO 3 = SO 2 + H 2 O, H 3 PO 4 = P 2 O 5 + H 2 O, H 2 CO 3 = CO 2 + H 2 O
3) 2NaHCO 3 = Na 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O, 2KHCO 3 = K 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
4) CaCO 3 = CaO + CO 2 , MgCO 3 = MgO + CO 2
5) NaNO 3 = NaNO 2 + O 2 , Mg(NO 3 ) 2 = MgO + NO 2 + O 2 ; AgNO 3 = Ag + NO 2 + O 2