Course work theme: Assimilation in phonetics

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIALIZED
EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF
UZBEKISTAN
MAMUN UNIVERSITY OF NEE
COURSE WORK
Theme: Assimilation in phonetics
Done by: Alisherova Yulduz
Group 213
Supervisor: Xusainova Zebo
KXIVA – 2022
CONTENT:
I. Introduction
Chapter I.Information on the importance of the topic
1.1.General concept of assimilation…………….3
1.2.Phonetic actions and phonetic processes……..8
Chapter II. The process of assimilation in phonetics
2.1.Phonetic processes and phonetic laws…………18
2.2.Dissimilation and hepatology in phonetics…….22
Conclusion………………………………………..25
List of used literature………………………………26


1.1.General concept of assimilation
Assimilation is a sound change in which some phonemes (typically consonants or vowels) change to become more similar to other nearby sounds. A common type of phonological process across languages, assimilation can occur either within a word or between words.
It occurs in normal speech but becomes more common in more rapid speech. In some cases, assimilation causes the sound spoken to differ from the normal pronunciation in isolation, such as the prefix in- of English input pronounced with phonetic [m] rather than [n]. In other cases, the change is accepted as canonical for that word or phrase, especially if it is recognized in standard spelling: implant pronounced with [m], composed historically of in + plant.
English "handbag" (canonically /ˈhændbæɡ/) is often pronounced /ˈhæmbæɡ/ in rapid speech because the [m] and [b] sounds are both bilabial consonants, and their places of articulation are similar. However, the sequence [d]-[b] has different places but similar manner of articulation (voiced stop) and is sometimes elided, which sometimes causes the canonical [n] phoneme to assimilate to [m] before the [b]. The pronunciations /ˈhænbæɡ/ or /ˈhændbæɡ/ are, however, common in normal speech.
In contrast, the word "cupboard", although it is historically a compound of "cup" /kʌp/ and "board" /bɔːrd/, is always pronounced /ˈkʌbərd/, never */ˈkʌpbɔːrd/, even in slow, highly-articulated speech.
Like in those examples, sound segments typically assimilate to a following sound,[note 1] but they may also assimilate to a preceding one.[note 2] Assimilation most commonly occurs between immediately adjacent-sounds but may occur between sounds that are separated by others.[note 3]
Assimilation can be synchronic, an active process in a language at a given point in time, or diachronic, a historical sound change.
A related process is coarticulation in which one segment influences another to produce an allophonic variation, such as vowels becoming nasalized before nasal consonants (/n, m, ŋ/) when the soft palate (velum) opens prematurely or /b/ becoming labialized as in "boot" [bʷuːt̚] or "ball" [bʷɔːɫ] in some accents. This article describes both processes under the term assimilation.
Concept
The physiological or psychological mechanisms of coarticulation are unknown, and coarticulation is often loosely referred to as a segment being "triggered" by an assimilatory change in another segment. In assimilation, the phonological patterning of the language, discourse styles and accent are some of the factors contributing to changes observed.
There are four configurations found in assimilations:
Between adjacent segments.
Between segments separated by one or more intervening segments.
Changes made in reference to a preceding segment
Changes made in reference to a following segment
Although all four occur, changes in regard to a following adjacent segment account for virtually all assimilatory changes and most of the regular ones.[citation needed] Assimilations to an adjacent segment are vastly more frequent than assimilations to a nonadjacent one. Those radical asymmetries might contain hints about the mechanisms involved, but they are not obvious.
If a sound changes with reference to a following segment, it is traditionally called "regressive assimilation". Changes with reference to a preceding segment are traditionally called "progressive".[1] Many[2] find those terms confusing, as they seem to mean the opposite of the intended meaning. Accordingly, a variety of alternative terms have arisen, not all of which avoid the problem of the traditional terms. Regressive assimilation is also known as right-to-left, leading, or anticipatory assimilation. Progressive assimilation is also known as left-to-right, perseveratory, preservative, lagging, or lag assimilation. The terms anticipatory and lag are used here.
Occasionally, two sounds (invariably adjacent) may influence each other in reciprocal assimilation. When such a change results in a single segment with some of the features of both components, it is known as coalescence or fusion.
Assimilation occurs in two different types: complete assimilation, in which the sound affected by assimilation becomes exactly the same as the sound causing assimilation, and partial assimilation, in which the sound becomes the same in one or more features but remains different in other features.
Tonal languages may exhibit tone assimilation (in effect tonal umlaut), but sign languages also exhibit assimilation when the characteristics of neighbouring cheremes may be mixed.
Anticipatory assimilation to an adjacent segment
Anticipatory assimilation to an adjacent segment[3] is the most common type of assimilation by far, and typically has the character of a conditioned sound change, i.e., it applies to the whole lexicon or part of it. For example, in English, the place of articulation of nasals assimilates to that of a following stop (handkerchief is pronounced [hæŋkɚtʃif], handbag in rapid speech is pronounced [hæmbæɡ]).
In Italian, voiceless stops assimilated historically to a following /t/:
Latin octo "eight" > It. otto
Latin lectus "bed" > letto
Latin subtus – pronounced suptus "under" > sotto
Italian otto, letto and sotto are examples of historical restructuring: otto and letto no longer contain /kt/ pronounced [tt], and sotto is no longer the structure /bt/ subject to the partial assimilation of devoicing of /b/ and full assimilation to produce [tt]. Over time, phonetic [tt] as a frequent assimilation of /kt/ and /bt/ was rather reinterpreted as reflecting /tt/. The structural sequence /kt/ is now all but absent in Italian, since all items in popular speech underwent the same restructuring, /kt/ > /tt/. On the rare occasion that Italian /kt/ is encountered, however, the same assimilation that triggered the restructuring can occur at the phonetic level. For example, the medical term ictus 'stroke', a relatively recent direct borrowing from Latin, is usually pronounced [ˈiktus] in deliberate speech, but [ˈittus] is frequent in more casual registers.
Latin ictus > Italian ictus, pronounced either [ˈiktus] or [ˈittus]
Anticipatory assimilation at a distance[edit]
Anticipatory assimilation at a distance is rare and usually merely an accident in the history of a specific word.
Standard Slovene Jevnica (a toponym) > Slovene dialect Vevnica[4][5]
Slovene Rakitovec > Ratitovec (a mountain ridge)[5]
However, the diverse and common assimilations known as umlaut in which the phonetics of a vowel are influenced by the phonetics of a vowel in a following syllable, are common and in the nature of sound laws. Such changes abound in the histories of Germanic languages, Romance, Insular Celtic, Albanian, and many others.
For example, in the history of English, a back vowel became front if a high front vowel or semivowel (*i, ī, j) was in the following syllable, and a front vowel became higher unless it was already high:
On the other hand, Proto-Germanic *i and *u > e, o respectively before *a in the following syllable (Germanic a-mutation) although that had already happened significantly earlier:
PGmc *wurdą > OE word
PGmc *nestaz > OE nest
Another example of a regular change is the sibilant assimilation of Sanskrit in which if there were two different sibilants as the onset of successive syllables, a plain /s/ was always replaced by the palatal /ɕ/:
Proto-Indo-European *smeḱru- "beard" > Skt. śmaśru-
PIE *ḱoso- "gray" > Skt. śaśa- "rabbit"
PIE *sweḱru- "husband's mother' > Skt. śvaśrū-
Lag assimilation to an adjacent segment[edit]
Lag assimilation to an adjacent segment[3] is tolerably common and often has the nature of a sound law.
In Polish, /v/ regularly becomes /f/ after a voiceless obstruent:
kwiat 'flower', pronounced [kfjat], instead of [kvjat]
twarz 'face', pronounced [tfaʂ], instead of [tvaʂ]
Because of a similar process, Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćw became sp in Avestan: Old Avestan aspa 'horse' corresponds to Sanskrit aśva
Lag assimilation at a distance[edit]
Lag assimilation at a distance is rare and usually sporadic (except when part of something broader, as for the Sanskrit śaśa- example, above): Greek leirion > Lat. līlium "lily".
In vowel harmony, a vowel's phonetics is often influenced by that of a preceding vowel. Thus, for example, most Finnish case markers come in two flavors, with /ɑ/ (written a) and /æ/ (written ä), depending on whether the preceding vowel is back or front. However, it is difficult to know where and how in the history of Finnish an actual assimilatory change took place. The distribution of pairs of endings in Finnish is just that and is not in any sense the operation of an assimilatory innovation, but it was probably the outbirth of such an innovation long ago.
In the opposite direction, in umlaut, a vowel is modified to conform more closely to the vowel in the next syllable.