Course work theme: Assimilation in phonetics

Aitchison, J., 1989. The articulate mammal. London: Hutchinson.

3. Assimilate consonant sounds softly. Hard and soft consonants are represented by 12 pairs of sounds. According to the study, they are distinguished by the absence or presence of palatalization, which consists of additional articulation (the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate). Soft assimilation has a regressive property: the consonant softens, like the next soft consonant. In this case, not all consonants added in terms of hardness-softness will soften, and not all soft consonants will soften the previous sound.
The labial does not soften in front of soft teeth: [fr "ên" h "bk], [n" eft "], [vz" at "] (chick, fat, take). 4. Assimilation of consonant sounds according to hardness. Assimilation of consonant sounds according to hardness is carried out at the junction of the stem and the suffix, which begins with a hard consonant: chilangar - chilangar, clerk - clerk, etc. Assimilation with hardness does not occur before labial [b] : [prs "it"] - [prose "bb], [mllt" it "] - [mlld" ba] (ask - please, blend - blend), etc. Assimilation is not subject to [l "] : [floor "b] - [floor" nyj] (area, outside). 5. Assimilate before teething. This type of assimilation spreads to the teeth in front of [z], [s] teeth (anterior palatine) [w], [g], [h], [w] and consists of complete assimilation. dental [z], after [s]
Full assimilation [s], [s] occurs: 1) at the junction of morphemes: [z at "], [pL z at"] (squeeze, open); [sh yt "], [r sh yt"] (sewing, embroidery); [from w], from [r w] (account, account); [razno sh "hik], [izvo sh" hik] (salesman, taxi driver); 2) in the preposition: [s-z hand], [s-sh hand] (with heat, with a ball); [bies-zh arb], [bies-sh arb] (no heat, no ball). The zzh compound inside the root, as well as the zzh compound (always inside the root) becomes a long soft [f "]: [po zh"] (later), (I drive); In [f "and], [trembling" and] (curb, yeast). Optionally, in these cases a long hard [w] can be pronounced. The change in this assimilation is the assimilation of the dental [d], [t] followed by [h], [c], resulting in a long [h], [c]: [l h "from] (report), (fkra cz] (briefly).
6. Simplification of consonant compounds. Consonants [d], [t] in a combination of several consonants between vowels are not pronounced. Such simplification of consonant groups is observed consistently in the combinations stn, zdn, stl, ntsk, stsk, vst, rdc, lnts: [sleepy], [knowledge], [w "yesliva], [gigansk" and], [h ”ustv] , [heart], [son] (verbal, late, joyful, giant, feeling, heart, sun). 7. Abbreviation of groups of the same consonant. , also, when three identical consonants are approached in the addition of the stem and the suffix, the consonants are reduced to two: [ra sor “it”] (raz + janjal), [ylk ile] (with connection), [klo n s ] (column + n + th); [Kde and ki] (Odessa + sk + house). The main phonetic processes that occur in speech include: 1) reduction; 2) surprising; 3) voting; 4) softening; 5) assimilation; 6) simplification.
7. Shorten groups of the same consonant. When three identical consonants are approached in the addition of a preposition or preposition, as well as a stem and a suffix, the consonants are reduced to two: [ra sor “it”] (raz + janjal), [ylk with] (with link), [clo n s] (column + n + th); [With Kde] (Odessa + sk + home). The main phonetic processes that occur in speech include: 1) reduction; 2) surprising; 3) voting; 4) softening; 5) assimilation; 6) simplification. Reduction is the weakening of the unstressed pronunciation of vowels: [home] - [d ^ ma] - [dj ^ voi]. Surprisingly, the voices agree in front of the deaf and are pronounced deaf at the end of the word; book - kni [sh] ka; eman - du [p]. Ozonation is the pronunciation of the deaf in the presence of vowels as resonant: to do - [z "] to do; to choose - o [d].
Assimilation is a process in which several different consonant sound combinations are pronounced as a single long (e.g., mid, zch, shh, zd, stch compounds are pronounced with long sound [sh "] and ts (y), ts compounds. (y) is pronounced as a long sound [ts]: sound [w] ik, spring [w] aty, mu [w "] ina, [t"] astye, ichi [ts] a. Simplification of consonant groups stn, zdn , eats, dts, persons, etc. The process by which sound is lost in conjunctions, although the letter representing this sound is used in writing: heart - [with "e" rts], sun - [son.].
8. Decrease in vocal volume. Unstressed vowel changes are usually called reductions, and unstressed vowels are called reduced vowels. Distinguish between the position of the unstressed vowels in the previously unstressed syllable (weak state of the first degree) and the position of the unstressed vowels in the remaining unstressed syllables (weak point of the second degree). Secondary weak flours are shorter than primary weak flours.
Vowels in the first weak state: [vly] (shafts); [shafts] (oxen); [bieda] (problem) and others. Secondary weak vowels: [p'rʌvos] (pavoz); [k'rglnda] (Karaganda); [k'lkkela] (bells); [p "ll" IE na] (pelœena); [voice] (voice), [voice] (shout) and so on. Synchrony - (Greek synchronós - at the same time), to consider a language (or other system of signs) in terms of the relationship between it. components over time. For example, the nominative form unit has a zero end, as opposed to a synchronized table. Determining the dynamics of development in synchronization is also possible by comparing several methods that work simultaneously (their choice is determined by the communication conditions) - more solemn (high), retaining the old features, and speech (low). the direction of language development is assumed (e.g., an abbreviated form [chiek] instead of “person”).
Phonetic (sound) processes: Position. The sound is in a so-called weak state. For example, to surprise the consonant at the end of a word. Reducing the vowel sound - if the vowel is in a weak state, it can be shortened (in terms of quality and quantity) Combinator - adjacent sounds can interact with each other, forming a combination. These include: accommodation, assimilation, dissimilation, singharmonism, direzis, epenthesis, metathesis, haplology. Because speech sounds are not pronounced separately, but because the connected speech is pronounced in the sound chain, the sounds: can and do affect each other. general conditions pronunciation. The interaction of sounds causes combinatorial changes in phonetic processes:
Accommodation is the most common phonetic process in speech, the least perceived by speakers. During accommodation in the speech chain, we move on to the articulation of the second sound without completing the articulation of the first sound. The indentation of the first sound is placed over the beginning of the second sound. When combined, two adjacent sounds interact with different types of vowels and consonants. For example, after a soft consonant in Russian, vowels become more linguistic. Assimilation (assimilation) - the same type of sounds interact during assimilation. Consonants are consonants, consonants with consonants. The most characteristic phonetic process for Russian is silent assimilation.
Assimilation is divided into several types: · Complete - with it one sound is compared to another in all respects. · Partial - with incomplete assimilation, a sound is absorbed by only one character. For example, plural numbers English follow these rules (rules) The direction of assimilation is progressive and regressive. In regressive assimilation, the next sound is assimilated to the previous sound. With a progressive, the former is similar to the latter.
Communication and long distance communication - two voices - are the closest neighbors. Distant (non-adjacent) - Sounds that are far apart interact. Remote assimilation is also called harmony. The essence of synharmonicity is that the posterior appendages are successively similar to the anterior appendages. Legalized and not legalized (spelling). For example, “wedding” used to be written with the letter “t”, then it started to sound like “d” and soon the spelling changed.
Speech sounds undergo various changes when interacting under certain positional conditions in the speech flow. Traditionally, they are divided into combinatorial and positional, which is not entirely true because combinatorial changes are also positional. Thus, our improvements are as follows: from the point of view of modern synchronicity, all changes that occur in the flow of speech are positional in the broadest sense of the word; they are divided into combinatorial-positional and correct-positional changes.
The events that occurred as a result of the fall of the abbreviations in the field of consonant sounds were very noticeable.
1. An important part of the dictionary first took the last closed syllable, which changed at the end of the resulting word.
For vocal consonants, this condition turned out to be weak, with a strengthening of the vocal cords and a weakening of articulation, which is surprisingly the last consonants: goro [t], lo [n], moro [s]. The amazing process took a long time, ending with different dialects and plantings at the same time. Russian dialects (Kostroma region, Povetluzhie), in the east. Ukrainian dialects still retain the previous vowel of the last consonant: moro [z], hli [b]. The mixing of the last vowels [in] and [in '] led to the appearance of sounds in ancient Russian words.
Another process was the loss of softness of the final labial consonant and primarily the sound [m ']. As you know, at the end of the TV. pad. units hours - Wednesday R. Horses and short adjectives, as well as on TV. and places. The units were h rhymes and full adjectives - mine: about city, boy, age, darkness, size. After the shortened fall, the final [m '] gradually hardened: gorodo m, son m, young m, these are m, oh then m ... The same process occurred in 1-liter forms. units h. from irrelevant verbs: ha my> ha m, Ý my> e m ... The final [m '] did not harden, if its softness is supported by similarity to other forms of the word, the softness of the consonant is preserved, e.g. , in numbers: se mening- se mil, ce my yu, vose my- eighth mil, sun my ns; The effect of other numbers is also affected here - five, six, nine, ten.
Abbreviated words can be unstressed words at the end of the word after the fall of consonant compounds, which are simplified ... For example, noisy consonant and smooth [l] combination or [p + l] combination, smooth is lost ( m. forms). past participle analytical forms verb): step lb, carried lb, coke lb, drove lb, possible lb, life lb> peck_, move_, sok_, lucky_, possible_, died_. In the Russian language in this form a new kind of suffix with the meaning of the past tense - zero - has appeared. If the vowel sound of the end comes after the group of consonants, then [l] remains: pitch. l a, carried l ah, row l oh, coke l oh, possible l oh, drove.
2. The processes resulting from the reduction of reduction were more and more significant between words, in the combination of morphemes (root and prefix, root and suffix).
Abbreviations in a syllable can be consonants after falling, the quality is different - soft next to hard, deaf next to loud. This has led to many processes of assimilation.
a). In terms of assimilation hardness - softness in Slavic languages, including Russian, mainly regressive:>; >. Assimilation is very reliably reflected in the softness of monuments, for example: you zyasha [d’ v ’] er> [dv’] er; [sv ’] em> [s’ v ’] Ýtu> [sv’] em; [with b v ’] teldtel> [with‘ v ’] ÝdÝtel> [sv’] wallet. Often such events are related to individual pronunciation and are unstable.
In some dialects, the posterior consonant after the soft consonant is affected by progressive soft assimilation: ba [t 'Kimga'] a, pe [t 'Kimga'] a, bo [h 'Kimga'] a, [h to 'Kimga'] a. The back consonant retains its quality, has an additional feature - palatability. In monuments (written in Moscow and near Moscow) this pronunciation is reflected in the 15th century: boch kyu, Volod kyu, stepan kya ... It is unknown to other East Slavic languages ​​(Ukrainian and Belarusian), so it appeared later incident. Basically the sound [k] is softened, and the sounds [g] and [x] are very rarely softened: O [l'g '] a (probably [g'] is fricative here), nave [p'x '] y. ..
Regressive assimilation is given in the form of complete adjectives with stiffness-n- suffix, e.g., kra [s. ’B n] yi> kra [sn] th; asal ’b n] th> me [dn] th; vÝ [p ’b n] yi> vÝ [phn] th. The hardening process is not divided into different consonant groups at the same time. First, the teeth hardened - kra with ny, ro d Noah, I d ny, squaw s Noah ... Then the other consonants - and R ny, y m ny ... But [l '] still retains softness (hard assimilation) not done) - more [l] 'n] oh, si [l' n] th, [l 'n] th.
b). Assimilation for the deaf - the voice in Russian is characterized by great stability and regularity.
Assimilation is perfectly preserved in modern pronunciation by voting, but they have no place in the spelling of the Russian literary language, where the morphological principle of writing - the preservation of the unity of the morpheme - is realized.
Examples: [with b b˙] ezhal> [zb '] hedgehog; [with b g] orÝl> [clock] Eagle; [with b f '] al> [hw] al> [lzh] al. The last example shows complete assimilation - assimilation is added to the assimilation by sound. in the place of learning ... Especially interesting are the cases of assimilation reinforced in writing, which helped to weaken the connection with interrelated words and in some cases caused it. deethymologized words. For example: dr. To whom b-dÝ (see k-to, k-i, k-gda), with b dÝs b (this, this)> where, Here; dr.r. seller b ba (sovchi, sovchi)> wedding; stiga (stzhka)> sga> zha (not even visible). In the monuments of the XI century. The word has a b-dorov where the prefix corresponding to the Greek b- dorov, dorov- root. dōrō (and.-e. * doru-) and Skt. daru - "tree", i.e.. the original meaning of the word sdorov is "strong as a tree." But already in the XII century. Vladimir's spelling is marked by charm - health: "But cut off the power supply from 0 to 4 to 4 to 4 water supply.
Assimilation deafness is also regular in modern pronunciation, but is not reflected in spelling: s b qaz b ka> ska [sc] a; lava b ka> la [fc] a. Only in a few cases has deaf assimilation been recorded in writing, e.g., a bee from another r. b b chela (see Another direction of assimilation in Ukraine is progressive, and as a result sound assimilation - bjola from another r. b b chela). The word was originally a bull, buxen ("bumblebee" in dialects) and motivated ("sharp press, loud noise"), which had a resonant consonant and was related to words such as "). With the strengthening of the new pronunciation in the writing, the word bee lost its motivation and went out of the nest of relevant words. Another example: mildew ... What was the inner form of this word? Let us restore the original consonant of the root - for- d b NS- l-yi. Sigh, breath, spirit, dead, as in root words. Here are the different levels of exchange of historical flours. Consequently, the original meaning of dr. the words zadhlyi- "suffocated, not breathing." Wednesday arxon. th-face is "a fish drowned in water." The Ukrainian language also has one root. The word th ip - "ferret" from another r. d b NS or. In Ukrainian, the word began to appear in the form of a new sound that reflects deaf assimilation, as in other Slavic languages ​​(e.g., compare with Belarusian. Th op, Czech. Tch oř, Slovak. Tch or) and its internal form yo. 'fossil - "fragrant, foul-smelling animal" (there is a parallel in semantics, for example, French: putois - "ferret" th or> ns or).
After the fall of abbreviated, sometimes unpronounced, abnormal consonants, unusual combinations of consonants appeared, in which case pronunciation occurred. simplification of consonant groups.
In modern Russian, a whole group of words is formed with unpronounced consonants: se [rts] e, so [nts] e, pra [z'n '] ik, le [s'n'] itza, chu. [st] a et al. The new pronunciation could have penetrated the spelling, leading to etymologization. Wednesday: hip - hip-b tail> ber tsovaya (bone); grn- bts b (pot) - grn-b charm b> rut charm; layer b T in b Nik b> polt innik; qatabv b T ora> polt orah; JSSV– h b st- ity> NS- this is "honor, respect", but the development of the opposite meaning of the word "align" in the alignment of the word as an honest relevant word - "tangish".
As a separate type of simplification of consonant groups, such a phenomenon can undoubtedly be considered. affrication, viz. the combination of two consonants into one sound in the pronunciation of [ts] or [tsh] - affricate [ts] or [h ']. In modern Russian, affrication occurs in infinitive and 3 l forms. units and so on. h. present and future simple tense reflexive verbs, e.g., dra [tsa] from another r. struggle, tear [tsa] from another r. tear b Xia, save [tsa] from another r. dribling ... In some cases, intimacy is reflected in the letter, then the word takes on a new look and loses its etymology.
Dissimilation occurs as a result of the fall of ruduced, is less common than other processes, and less common in literary language than dialects. Dissimilation occurs mainly through education. Examples: dr. soft b co, lg b to> my literary pronunciation [hk] oh lg b ko> le [hk] O; dr.r. To whom b then, to b whom, feet b ty> (in dialect and vernacular) [ht] O, [hk] oh, but [ht] and. The pronunciation of the diamond also changed as it spread. b then. In literary pronunciation [PCS O] <[tsh-to] (utratilsya pervyy vzrыvnoy element), a v sibirskom prostorechii - vtoroy, chto privelo k affrikatsii - [h O] <[tsh-to].
On the basis of the dissimilation and simplification of similar groups, another interesting phenomenon has emerged, the history of which is not over in our days. The pronunciation of this compound is [h b n]> [tshn]> [shn] (the first explosive element is removed). For the first time such a substitution appears in fourteenth-century monuments, such as the Gospel. 1304: beetle shn ik

2.