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7.1 Practice the pronunciation of a vowel letter ‘a’ in different syllables.
Open syllable
‘a’ → /eı/
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Closed syllable
‘a’ → /æ/
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A syllable ending ‘r’ or ‘r+consonant’
‘a’ → /a:/
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A syllable ending ‘r+vowel’
‘a’ → /єә/
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lake
bake
hale
take
pale
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pat
rat
dad
hat
cat
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far
card
part
hard
dark
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care
rare
dare
bare
share
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7.2 Practice the transcription of the words with the vowel letter ‘a’.
Words
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Transcription of words
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lake bake hale take pale pat rat dad hat cat far card part hard dark care rare dare bare share
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7.3 Practice the pronunciation of a vowel letter ‘e’ in different syllables.
Open syllable
‘e’ → /ı:/
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Closed syllable
‘e’ → /e/
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A syllable ending ‘r’ or ‘r+consonant’
‘e’ → /з:/
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A syllable ending ‘r+vowel’
‘e’ → /ıә/
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me
we
mete
meter
scene
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bed
pen
get
red
tell
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per
term
perm
herd
herb
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here
mere
sere
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7.4 Practice the transcription of the words with the vowel letter ‘e’.
Words
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Transcription of words
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scene mete meter me we
bed pen get red tell
per term perm herd herb
here mere sere
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7.5 Practice the pronunciation of a vowel letter ‘i’ in different syllables.
Open syllable
‘i’ → /aı/
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Closed syllable
‘i’ → /ı/
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A syllable ending ‘r’ or ‘r+consonant’
‘i’ → /з:/
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A syllable ending ‘r+vowel’
‘i’ → /aıә/
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fine
nine
pipe
scribe
crime
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pin
tin
rid
sit
kid
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firm
bird
girl
gird
shirt
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dire
fire
tire
spire
hire
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7.6 Practice the transcription of the words with the vowel letter ‘i’.
Words
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Transcription of words
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fine nine pipe scribe crime
pin tin rid sit kid
firm bird girl gird shirt
dire fire tire spire hire
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7.7 Practice the pronunciation of a vowel letter ‘y’ in different syllables.
Open syllable
‘y’ → /aı/
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Closed syllable
‘y’ → /ı/
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A syllable ending ‘r’ or ‘r+consonant’
‘y’ → /з:/
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A syllable ending ‘r+vowel’
‘y’ → /aıә/
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deny
defy
clarify
satisfy
rely
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myth
mystery
mystic
dysfunction
dyslexia
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myrtle
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tyre
byre
lyre
pyre
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7.8 Practice the transcription of the words with the vowel letter ‘y’.
Words
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Transcription of words
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deny defy clarify satisfy rely
dyslexia myrtle tyre byre lyre
myth mystery mystic dysfunction pyre
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7.9 Practice the pronunciation of a vowel letter ‘o’ in different syllables.
Open syllable
‘o’ → /әu/
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Closed syllable
‘o’ → /ɔ/
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A syllable ending ‘r’ or ‘r+consonant’
‘o’ → /ɔ:/
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A syllable ending ‘r+vowel’
‘o’ → /ɔ:/
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pole
note
home
code
hope
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pot
cot
not
lot
dog
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nor
cord
port
short
ford
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shore
core
bore
tore
more
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7.10 Practice the transcription of the words with the vowel letter ‘o’.
Words
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Transcription of words
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pole note home code hope
pot cot not lot dog
nor cord port short ford
shore core bore tore more
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7.11 Practice the pronunciation of a vowel letter ‘u’ in different syllables.
Open syllable
‘u’ → /u:/ or /ju:/
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Closed syllable
‘u’ → /ʌ/
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A syllable ending ‘r’ or ‘r+consonant’
‘u’ → /з:/
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A syllable ending ‘r+vowel’
‘u’ → /juә/
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rule
cute
mute
chute
duty
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cut
but
shut
bus
mum
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fur
curd
burn
turn
purl
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fuel
lure
cure
pure
inure
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7.12 Practice the transcription of the words with the vowel letter ‘u’.
Words
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Transcription of words
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rule cute mute chute duty
cut but shut bus mum
fur curd burn turn purl
fuel lure cure pure inure
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Lessson 5
English vowel classification
Lead in
A. Pronounce the following vowels and try to identify their place of articulation:
Vowels
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Place of articulation: tongue
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Place of articulation: lips
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/ı/, /u/, /з:/, /ʌ/, /ɔ/, /æ/, /e/, /ә/, /ı:/, /u:/, /a:/, /ɔ:/.
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B. Now group the given sounds into long and short vowels:
Vowels
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Long vowels
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Short vowels
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/ı/, /u/, /з:/, /ʌ/, /ɔ/, /æ/, /e/, /ә/, /ı:/, /u:/, /a:/, /ɔ:/.
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Task 1. Study the main principles of vowel classification.
A. The main principles of vowel classification.
From the theoretical point of view vowels are classified according to seven principles in English [Abduazizov A. English Phonetics]. Four principles of vowel classification among the existing seven are very important in practical value. They are vowel classification according to:
the position of the tongue;
the position of the lips;
length of the vowel;
the degree of tenseness.
B. Vowel classification according to the position of the tongue.
In the production of vowel phonemes the tongue may move in a horizontal direction and in a vertical direction.
According to the horizontal movement of the tongue vowels are classified into the following:
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According to the vertical movement of the tongue vowels are classified into the following:
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front vowels [i:, e:, æ]
front - retracted vowels [i]
central vowels [ʌ, ә:, ә]
back vowels [u:, з:, ә]
back-advanced vowels [a:,u]
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high [i:, u:, u, i]
low [a, ә, ʌ, æ]
mid [e, ә:, ә, ɔ:]
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C. Vowel classification:
according to the position of the lips:
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rounded
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unrounded
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[ u, u:, ɔ:, ɔ]
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[ i:, i, e, a:, ʌ, æ, ә:, ә ]
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D. Vowel classification:
according to their length the vowels may be:
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long
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short
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[ i:, a:, u:, ɔ:, ә: ]
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[ e, u, i, ɔ, ʌ, æ, ә ]
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E. Vowel classification:
according to the degree of tenseness the vowels may be:
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tense (when they are produced, the organs of speech are tense):
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lax (when they are produced the organs of speech are not tense):
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[ i:,а:,u:, ɔ:, ә:]
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[ i, e, u, ɔ, ʌ, æ, ә]
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Task 2. Classify the mentioned vowels from its articulatory-acoustic point of view..
/i/ - /i:/
/ı/ - _______________________________________________________________
/ı:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/a:/ - /ʌ/
/a:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/ʌ/ _______________________________________________________________
/ɔ/ - /ɔ:/
/ɔ/ _______________________________________________________________
/ɔ:/- ______________________________________________________________
/e/ - /æ/
/e/ - _______________________________________________________________
/æ/ - ______________________________________________________________
/з:/ - /ә/
/з:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/ә/ - _______________________________________________________________
/u/ - /u:/
/u/ - _______________________________________________________________
/u:/ - ______________________________________________________________
Task 3. Classify the following vowels according to the position of the tongue:
/i/ - _______________________________________________________________
/e/ - _______________________________________________________________
/æ/ - ______________________________________________________________
/a:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/ɔ/- ______________________________________________________________
/ɔ:/- ______________________________________________________________
/u/ - _______________________________________________________________
/ʌ/- ______________________________________________________________
/з:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/ә/ - _______________________________________________________________
/i:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/u:/ - ______________________________________________________________
Task 4. Classify the following vowels according to the position of the lips:
/i/ - _______________________________________________________________
/e/ - _______________________________________________________________
/æ/ - ______________________________________________________________
/a:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/ɔ/ _______________________________________________________________
/ɔ:/- ______________________________________________________________
/u/ - _______________________________________________________________
/ʌ/- ______________________________________________________________
/з:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/ә/ - _______________________________________________________________
/i:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/u:/ - ______________________________________________________________
Task 5. Classify the following vowels according to the length of the vowel:
/i/ - _______________________________________________________________
/e/ - _______________________________________________________________
/æ/ - ______________________________________________________________
/a:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/ɔ/- ______________________________________________________________
/ɔ:/- ______________________________________________________________
/u/ - _______________________________________________________________
/ʌ/- ______________________________________________________________
/з:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/ә/ - _______________________________________________________________
/i:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/u:/ - ______________________________________________________________
Task 6. Classify the following vowels according to the degree of tenseness:
/i/ - _______________________________________________________________
/e/ - _______________________________________________________________
/æ/ - ______________________________________________________________
/a:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/ɔ/- ______________________________________________________________
/ɔ:/- ______________________________________________________________
/u/ - _______________________________________________________________
/ʌ/- ______________________________________________________________
/з:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/ә/ - _______________________________________________________________
/i:/ - ______________________________________________________________
/u:/ - ______________________________________________________________
Lesson 6
Monophtongs and their features
Lead in
A. Discuss the difference of the following sounds and say what type of vowels they are according to the stability of the speech organs:
/i/, /u/.
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/i:/, /u:/.
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/ai/, /uә/.
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B. Group the given vowels into monophthong, diphthong and diphthongoid according to the stability of the speech organs:
Vowels
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Monophthong,
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Diphthong
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Diphthongoid
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/i/, /ai/, /e/, /oi/, /æ/, /ei/, /a:/, /eә/, /ɔ/, /i:/, /ɔ:/, /iә/, /u/, /uә/, /ʌ/, /әu/, /з:/, /u:/, /au/, /ә/.
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Task 1. Study the types of vowels according to the stability of the speech organs.
English vowels are divided into the following types according to the stability of the speech organs: monophthongs, diphthongs, diphthongoids.
A monophthong is a pure vowel. During the pronunciation of it the position of the speech organs keeps its stability. English monophthongs are: /ı/, /u/, /з:/, /ʌ/, /ɔ/, /æ/, /e/, /ә/, /a:/, /ɔ:/.
A diphthong is a vowel sound in which the tongue changes position to produce the sound of two vowels . English diphthongs are: /eı/, /aı/, /ɔı/, /au/, /әu/, /ıә/, /eә/, /uә/.
A diphthongoid is a diphthongized vowel. English diphthongoids are: /ı:/, /u:/.
Task 2. Read the following pairs of words and identify the type of vowels which differentiate the meaning of words.
unlisted /ʌn΄listıd/ - enlisted /in΄listıd/
catnap/΄kætnæp/ - catnip /΄kætnıp/
expert /΄ekspз:t/ n. - export /΄ekspɔ:t/ n.
whom //hu:m/ - him /hım/
5. commune /΄kɔmju:n/ n. - common /΄kɔmən/ adj.
6. compo /΄kɔmpəu/ - compeer /΄kɔmpıə/
7. cordate /΄kɔ:deıt/ adj. - cordite /΄kɔ:daıt/ n. [4, 53]
Task 3. Study the pronunciation of short monophthongs /ı/, /u/, /ʌ/, /ɔ/, /æ/, /e/ and /ә/.
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