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Ex.-ful (I) forms adjectives from a noun: love (v) – loveful (adj/, man (n), - manful (adj).
-ful (2) forms adjective from a verb: forget (ti.) – forgetful, (adj) thank (u.) – thankful (adj), etc.
The verb suffix -en (1) added to a noun and adjective stem is homonymous to the adjective forming suffix -en (2) which is added to a noun stem. For example, to strengthen, to soften, and wooden, golden.
In the course of the history of English as a result of borrowings there appeared many synonymous affixes in the language. For example, the suffixes -er,-or,-ist, -ent,-ant,-eer,-ian,-man, -ee,-ess form synonymous affixes denoting the meaning «agent». Having the meaning of negation the prefixes un-, in-, non-, dis-, mis form synonymic group of prefixes. It is interesting to point out that the synonymous affixes help us to reveal different lexico – semantic groupings of words. E.g., the words formed by the suffixes -man,-er,-or,-ian,-ee,-eer,-ent,-ant etc. belong to the lexico-semantic groupings of words denoting «doer of the action”. The affixes may also undergo semantic changes, they may be polysemantic. For example, the noun forming suffix «-er» has the following meanings:
1) persons following some special trade and profession (driver, teacher, hunter); 2) persons doing a certain action at the moment in question (packer, chooser, giver); 3) tools (blotter, atomizer, boiler, transmitter).
Thus, affixes have different characteristic features. The comparative analysis of the English language with other languages showed that English is not so rich in suffixes as, for example, the Uzbek language.
The total number of suffixes is 67 in English but the Uzbek suffixes are 171 and, vice versa, prefixation is more typical to the English language than Uzbek.
In Uzbek there are following prefixes: бe-,но-, ба, бо-, ним-. By their origin the Uzbek affixes like English ones are divided into native and borrowed. The suffixes: -чи, -гap, -зop, -лик, -ли, -оқ are native suffixes but. –изм, -ация, -бо, - но,- намо,- ки are of borrowed origin. The affixes may be divided into different semantic groups. These semantic groups of affixes may be different in different languages. For example, diminutive affixes in Uzbek are more than in English (see the table)
As compared with the Uzbek language the negative affixes are more widely used in English. In Uzbek: -сиз (қўлсиз), бe-(6epaҳм), -но (нохуш),In English: -less - (handless), a-, an- (anomalous); -un-(unkind) dis-(dislike), anti- (antibiotic), de-(decode), in-(innocent) ir-(ir regular), im-( impossible), non- (nondeductive) Though the number of Uzbek prefixes is very few (they are 8) they are capable of changing words from one part of speech into another. For example, aдaб. (cyщ.) - боадаб (npил.), ҳосил (cyщ.) - cepҳocил (прил.) илож (cyщ.) - ноилож (прил.), бахт (cyщ.) - бебахт (прил.), paнг (cyщ.) - нимранг (прил.).
There is a specific group of morphemes whose derivational function does not allow one to refer them unhesitatingly either to the derivational affixes or bases.
In words like half-done, half-broken, half-eaten and ill-fed, ill-housed, ill-dressed the ICs half- and ill- are given in linguistic literature different interpretations: they are described both as bases and as derivational prefixes.
As to their lexical meaning they have become more indicative of a generalising meaning of incompleteness and poor quality than the individual meaning proper to the stems of independent words and thus they function more as affixational morphemes similar to the prefixes out-, over-, under-, semi-, misregularly forming whole classes of words. Besides, the high frequency of these morphemes in the above-mentioned generalised meaning in combination with the numerous bases built on past participles indicates their closer ties with derivational affixes than bases.
Yet these morphemes retain certain lexical ties with the root-morphemes in the stems of independent words and that is why are felt as occupying an intermediate position, as morphemes that are changing their class membership regularly functioning as derivational prefixes but still retaining certain features of root-morphemes. That is why they are sometimes referred to as semi-affixes. To this group we should also refer well and self- (well-fed, well-done, self-made), -man in words like postman, cabman, chairman, -looking in words like foreign-looking, alive-looking, strange-looking, etc.
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