Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети инглиз тили назарий аспектлари №1

The lexical meaning is a complex phenomenon and may be analysed as including denotational and connotational components.
The denotational meaning is the component of the lexical meaning which makes communication possible because the knowledge people have about things is ultimately embodied in words which have essentially the same meaning for all speakers of that language.
The connotational meaning reflects the stylistic reference and the emotive and/or evaluative charge proper to the word.
Changes of lexical meaning occur in the course of the historical development of language.
Semantic structure is the arranged set of all the meanings of a word, represented by lexico-semantic variants.
There are two kinds of association involved in semantic changes, namely: a) similarity of meanings, and b) contiguity of meanings.
Similarity of meanings or metaphor may be described as a semantic process of associating two referents, one of which in some way resembles the other, e.g. hand of a clock, warm voice, soft look.