«яшил» иш ўринларини яратиш орқали экологик барқарор иқтисодиётга адолатли ўтиш

Accumulated carbon dioxide emissions 1990-2011 y., % of global emissions
 
The most effective environmental policy is carried out in the Netherlands, 
Germany, Austria, the Nordic countries, the USA, and Japan. The ministries 
(agencies) for environmental issues created in them are properly organized, well-
staffed and sufficiently funded. 
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Compiled by the authors according of the international statistics 
27,6
24,1
12,6
12,4
3,5
19,8
USA
European OECD countries
Rest OECD countries
China
India
Rest of the world

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Government programs in this area provide for both general goals and large-scale 
tasks, as well as clearly formulated specific measures (legislative, financial, 
insurance, etc.). Impressive monetary, material, technical, and significant financial 
resources are allocated for the development and implementation of environmental 
policy. Currently, the share of environmental protection expenditures in GDP is
2.5 % in the Netherlands, 1.9 % in Austria, 1.7 % in Germany, 1.5 % in Japan, and 
1.3 % in the USA. 
Countries such as Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal are less active in their 
environmental policy. These countries allocate less than 1 % of GDP to 
environmental protection. Due to insufficient funding, many environmental programs 
are not being implemented, and existing technical services are falling into disrepair. 
Environmental policy in these countries is fragmented, due to the relative weakness 
of ministries dealing with environmental issues, the unclear division of competence 
between central and regional authorities, the lack of coordination of regional bodies, 
the insufficiently serious attitude of the population to environmental laws (the so-
called Mediterranean syndrome). 
After joining the EU, environmental policy in the countries of Central and 
Eastern Europe became more active. The costs of combating environmental pollution 
have increased. So, in Poland and Slovakia, they currently account for 1.7 %, in the 
Czech Republic and Hungary-about 1.3 % of GDP. The State programs developed in 
these countries for the preservation of the environment provide for strengthening the 
bodies of control and enforcement of environmental management rules, as well as 
increasing their role in coordinating environmental and economic policies
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. 
The economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan has a diverse, multi-sectoral nature, 
in which such industries as coal, mining, non-metallic industry, metallurgical, 
chemical, oil and gas production, oil and gas processing, defense and a powerful 
agro-industrial complex are simultaneously represented, and therefore the problem of 
forming effective mechanisms for social protection of workers and labor protection in 
the Republic from complex combinations of occupational risks is becoming more and 
more urgent. 
In these conditions, the creation of safe working conditions that preserve the life 
and health of employees in the course of their work is one of their priority areas of 
socio-economic development of the Republic. 
Uzbekistan ranks 11th in the world in natural gas production, third in the world 
in exports and sixth in cotton production, seventh in the world in uranium reserves
(4 % of the world’s uranium reserves), Uzbekistan ranks fourth in the world in total 
gold reserves, and seventh in terms of gold production. In 1991-2020, the structure of 
the economy has changed dramatically. 
According to the results of 2020, in the sectoral structure of GDP, the share of 
agriculture, forestry and fisheries in the sectoral structure of GDP (GVA) increased 
from 28.0 % to 28.2 %, construction-from 6.6 % to 7.0 % and the service sector-from 
36.1 % to 36.3 %, while the share of industry decreased from 29.3 % to 28.5 %
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. 
51
compiled by the authors according of the international statistics
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https://www.uzdaily.uz/ru/post/58580 

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Agriculture, forestry and fisheries showed a positive growth rate of 3.0 %. The 
positive dynamics in this industry is due to the growth of crop production by 3.4 % 
(in 2019 - an increase of 4.8 %, in 2018 - a decrease of 4.2 %) and animal husbandry-
by 2.1 % (in 2019 - an increase of 1.6 %, in 2018-an increase of 5.7 %). 
The share of the manufacturing industry in the structure of the value added of 
the industrial sector increased to 76.5 % against 69.6 % in 2019. Accordingly, there 
was a decrease in the share of the mining industry and quarrying in the structure of 
the value added of the industrial sector to 15.2 % (in 2019 - 23.0 %). 
According to the results of 2020, the largest share in the structure of the value 
added of the manufacturing industry fell on the metallurgical and metalworking 
industries (except machinery and equipment), which reached 40.5 %. 
The share of production of food, beverages and tobacco products was 14.5 %, 
textiles, clothing, leather products and related products -12.7 %, rubber, plastic 
products and other non-metallic mineral products - 8.5 %, chemical products -7.1 %, 
motor vehicles, trailers, semi-trailers and other transport equipment-5.6 %, coke and 
refined petroleum products -2.4 % and other manufacturing products -8.7 %. 
In 2020, the volume of construction works amounted to 77823.8 billion UZS. Of 
the total volume of construction work, large organizations account for 27.6 %, small 
enterprises and microfirms-52.8 %, individuals-19.6 %. 
At the end of 2020, the gross value added of the service sector amounted to 
194363.5 billion UZS and, compared to 2019, increased by 0.1 %. Including trade 
services (including repair of motor vehicles) increased by 1.7 %, information and 
communication-by 15.7 %. At the same time, transportation and storage services 
decreased by 6.7 %, accommodation and food-by 14.1 %. 
In 2020, 93.2 thousand new small enterprises and microfirms were created in the 
republic (excluding dehkan and farm farms). The largest numbers of them were 
created in the sphere of trade (38.8 %), industry (19.9 %), agriculture, forestry and 
fisheries (6, 6.1 %), construction (6.4 %), accommodation and food services (6.0 %), 
transportation and storage (2.6 %).
One of the essential factors in the implementation of the priorities of the «green» 
economy is the provision of decent work, an integral element of which is the 
preservation of human life and health through the improvement of labor market 
institutions and the creation of more inclusive social protection systems. In this 
regard, in the context of the transition from a «brown» economy to a «green» one, the 
creation of truly «green» jobs is the urgent problem. Therefore, considering the 
requirements of preserving jobs through affordable high-quality training-retraining of 
employees, providing them with social protection, ensuring labor protection in the 
design, construction and operation of such workplaces occupies a leading position. 
For the sustainable development of the economy, it is necessary that labor 
protection and environmental protection have a close internal relationship. Safe and 
healthy production environment and environmental protection are two sides of the 
same coin. When developing measures to protect the environment from the adverse 
effects of production processes, the issues of protecting the health of employees, their 
families and society as a whole are considered. 

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