Янги Ўзбекистонни қуриш ва ривожланишида ёшларнинг фаоллиги

 Янги Ўзбекистонни қуриш ва ривожланишида ёшларнинг фаоллиги 
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universal‖typology‖of‖languages.‖Though‖we‖do‖ not‖shade‖the‖term‖‚Intonology‛,‖but‖
admit the possibility of scientific investigation of intonation in relation with linguistic 
levels and comparative-typological study of various intonation types in languages. 
Besides, it is possible to study intonational interference between the mother tongue and 
foreign languages which has a theoretical and practical value. 
Any utterance may have communicate expressive-emotional functions, which 
may be formed either by intonational or lexic-grammatical means. Any sound 
information is formed by intonation which also contributes to distinguish 
communicative types of utterance. The expressive-emotional function of an utterance, 
which is determined by the division of sense-groups in a context or in a text, may also 
be formed by means of intonation. Various types of emotions expressed by intonation 
are studied by a special branch of phonetics, the so-called phonostylistics. A.M. 
Antipova‖ calls‖ it‖ ‚intonational‖ stylistics‛‖ which,‖ being‖ a‖ branch‖ of‖ intonology,‖ studies‖
intonations of different functional styles of a languages. 
The distribution of intonation itself and its components depend on the situation 
or context. It is called the text-forming function of intonation. The phonological, 
phonostylistic and text-forming functions of intonation have not been deeply 
investigated and these types of scientific approaches are going to develop in modern 
linguistics. As to the place of intonation in transformational-generative grammar, it is 
not clear how intonation can operate in this theory. As a prosodic unit intonation acts 
with all its components, it can operate in phrase together with the grammatical and 
lexical means of language. 
Intonation is one of the most important means of organizing a phrase out of a 
single word or a succession of words, it organizes an over phrasal unity consisting of 
phrases and a text consisting of over phrasal unities. Intonation can change the 
communicative type of the sentence altering a statement into a question, an order, a 
request, etc. Due to intonation different thoughts and feelings, various connotations and 
emotions may be conveyed by the speaker and perceived by the listener. Though the 
interest to the phenomenon of intonation existed centuries ago owing to the 
development of the theory of verse and the art of public speeches, scientific 
investigations of intonation were carried out only in the 18th century. 
A narrow definition of intonation as a tone was given by the representatives of 
the‖ so‖ called‖ ‚Old‖ English‖ School‛‖ in‖ the‖ 1930s-40s. D. Jones, H. Sweet, W. Allen 
understood intonation as the variations which take place in the pitch of voice (tone).The 
same narrow definition of intonation was given by L. Armstrong and S. Ward, Russian 
phoneticians Vitomskaya, O. Dikushina and others. E. Scriture defined intonation as a 
combination of two components – tone and stress. 
The above mentioned linguists identified intonation with one or two of its 
components. Such definitions were too narrow and are considered wrong as they do 
not reveal the essence of intonation. The problem of the structure of the utterance and 
other scientific problems of intonation were discussed in the first half of the 20th 
century. H. Palmer gave a detailed description of the intonation structure of the 
utterance defining its structural units (elements): head – the first stressed syllable with 
the following stressed and unstressed syllables up to the last stressed syllable; nucleus – 

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