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1. INTRODUCTION
Aggregate is a major component of the
concrete, occupying 60% to 80% of its total volume.
Increasing the amount of aggregates corresponds to less usage of cement in the concrete which
has several beneficial effects, e.g. reduction in the cost of producing concrete, decrease in most
of the durability problems of hardened concrete, reducing
shrinkage and cracking, etc.
In addition, reduction in usage of cement leads to a decrease in pollution caused by its
production. The cement industry produces about 5% of global man-made CO
2
emissions; the
amount of CO
2
emitted by the cement industry can be as high as 900 kg of CO
2
for every 1000
kg of cement produced
[1]
.
It should be noted that the cement industry worldwide and
especially in Scandinavia and Europe takes its responsibility and strong efforts are taken to
reduce the CO
2
emissions at production. Some companies have formulated a zero-vision [2] and
others are engaged in carbon capturing of emitted gas see [3] describing
a Heidelberg Cement
supported project. Also, concrete producers are now striving to reduce the amount of clinker and
thus CO
2
by replacements such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, lime stone filler etc.
The packing density concept can be used as a part of concrete mix design with the aim of
minimizing the inter-particle voids between the constituents of concrete in order to reduce the
paste demand. Packing density is the ratio of the volume of solids to the
bulk volume of the
solid particles
[4, 5]
. The date for one of the first articles on particle packing goes as far as 1892
[
6
] further researches were conducted mainly concentrating on designing an ideal aggregate size
distribution curve [7, 8]
. In 1929 the first analytical packing model was designed to predict the
void ratio of a mixture of two
particle groups
[
9
]. Since then, plenty of researches were
conducted on the subject resulting in development of several analytical models and computer-
aided mix design software.
Particle packing models can be used as a tool to determine the optimum combination of
aggregate mix constitutes that will provide a maximum packing density and minimize the
remaining voids.
Although it has been recognized nowadays that the binder phase can also be
graded just as the aggregate phase for the purpose of achieving
tight particle packing or
minimum void, research results have shown that improvements achieved in the reduction of
void ratio are far greater with the aggregate phase than with the binder phase [10].
The aim of this paper is to examine the reliability and accuracy of analytical particle packing
models by comparing the suggested values by the models to actual aggregate packing values
obtained in the laboratory.
For this purpose, three of more common packing models –Modified
Toufar, 4C and CPM- were studied. The results from this type of study can assist the
development of future mix design philosophies.
The study only dealt with the precision of packing models considering solely dry aggregates.
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