Workplace discrimination

Workplace discrimination
What is workplace discrimination, and what constitutes discrimination against employees or job applicants? Employment discrimination happens when an employee or job applicant is treated unfavorably because of his or her race, skin color, national origin, gender, disability, religion, or age. It is illegal to discriminate in any facet of employment, so workplace discrimination extends beyond hiring and firing to discrimination that can happen to someone who is currently employed. In addition, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it unlawful to discriminate in hiring, discharge, promotion, referral, and other facets of employment, on the basis of color, race, religion, sex, or national origin. This is enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
In 2006- 2016 pervasive levels of age discrimination are found in Belgium, England, France, Spain and Sweden. Job candidates revealing older age are found to get 39% (in Belgium) to 72% (in France) less job interview invitations compared to equal candidates revealing a younger name. Discrimination is heterogeneous by the activity older candidates undertook during their additional post-educational years. In Belgium, they are only discriminated if they have more years of inactivity or irrelevant employment.
Specific information

1. 
   Reasons: her race, skin color, national origin, gender, disability, religion, or age
   
2. 
   Fact: It is illegal to discriminate in any facet of employment. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it unlawful to discriminate…
   
3. 
   Date: In 2006- 2016
   
4. 
   Testimony:
   
5. 
   Statistics: Job candidates revealing older age are found to get 39% (in Belgium) to 72% (in France) less job interview invitations
   
6. 
   Data: In Belgium, they are only discriminated if they have more years of inactivity or irrelevant employment.
   

What is Employment Discrimination?

It is illegal to discriminate based on race, religion, gender, or national original when hiring or in the workplace. Federal contractors and subcontractors must take affirmative action to guarantee equal employment opportunity without regard to these factors. Executive Order 11246 is enforced by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP). During the past decade, hiring discrimination was measured by means of the golden standard^[46][47] to measure unequal treatment in the labour market, i.e. correspondence experiments(2008). Within these experiments, fictitious job applications that only differ in one characteristic, are sent to real vacancies. By monitoring the subsequent call-back from employers, unequal treatment based on this characteristic can be measured and can be given a causal interpretation.
Pervasive levels of ethnic labour market discrimination are found in Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Sweden and the UK.^{[48][49][50][51][52]} Job candidates with foreign names are found to get 24% to 52% less job interview invitations compared to equal candidates with native names. Interestingly, ethnic discrimination is lower among the high-educated and in larger firms.^[52][53] In addition, unequal treatment is found to be heterogeneous by the labour market tightness in the occupation: compared to natives, candidates with a foreign-sounding name are equally often invited to a job interview if they apply for occupations for which vacancies are difficult to fill, but they have to send twice as many applications for occupations for which labor market tightness is low.^[48] Recent research shows that ethnic discrimination is nowadays driven by employers' concern that co-workers and customers prefer collaborating with natives.^[54] In addition, volunteering has found to be a way out of ethnic discrimination in the labour market.^[55]
Specific information

1. 
   Reasons: race, religion, gender, or national original
   
2. 
   Fact: ethnic discrimination are found in Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Sweden and the UK
   
3. 
   Date: . correspondence experiments(2008).
   
4. 
   Testimony:
   
5. 
   Statistics: 24%, 52%
   
6. 
   Data: In Belgium, they are only discriminated if they have more years of inactivity or irrelevant employment.