В пособии рассматриваются основные моменты английской грамматики: части речи имя существительное, имя прилагательное и наречие; видо-временные формы глагола; модальные глаголы; неличные формы глагола

3. Past and Past Perfect Tenses in Time Clauses.

A. Clauses with when, as soon as, the moment, immediately
The past simple is used here if there is the idea that the first action led to the
second and that the second followed the first very closely:
When she saw the mouse she screamed.
Immediately I opened the box, I got a real shock.
The past perfect is used when we wish to emphasize that the first action was
completed before the second started.
When I’d written all my letters, I did some gardening.
As soon as she had sung her song she sat down.


B. Clauses with after
after is normally followed by a perfect tense:
After the will had been read there were angry exclamations.

4. Past Perfect Tense in Main Clause

A. Sometimes the action in the main clause can precede the action of the
subordinate clause. In this case in Russian sentences the adverb ‘уже’ is
often used.
They had gone to bed when we came.
Они уже легли спать, когда мы пришли.
But in English sentences the use of ‘already’ is not obligatory because the
very form of the Past Perfect shows the completion of the action.


B. Note the use of the Past Perfect Negative. In this case the Past Perfect
describes the action not yet finished before the beginning of the following
one. In the corresponding Russian sentence the adverb ‘еще’ is used.
They hadn’t gone to bed when we came.
Они еще не легли спать (не успели лечь спать),
когда мы пришли.


C. Constructions hardly (scarcely) .... when - едва/только .... как
and no sooner .... than - не успел .... как
He had hardly (scarcely) entered the house when it began to rain.
Едва/только он вошел в дом, как пошел дождь.
He had no sooner come than he fell ill.
Не успел он приехать, как заболел.