В пособии рассматриваются основные моменты английской грамматики: части речи имя существительное, имя прилагательное и наречие; видо-временные формы глагола; модальные глаголы; неличные формы глагола

for used with the past simple denotes a terminated period of time:
We lived in London for ten years. (but we don’t live there now)
for can be omitted, especially after be, live and wait:
We’ve waited for you an hour.
for (denoting time) is not used before expressions beginning with all:
They’ve worked all night.
2. since is used if we say when something started in the following ways:
since + a point in time means ‘from that point to the time of speaking’:
She has been here since six o’clock.
We’ve been friends since 1975.
since + clause, in which the present perfect or the simple past can be
used depending on the meaning:
I’ve known her since we were children. (we aren’t children any more)
I’ve known her since I’ve lived here. (and still live here)
since, or ever since, adverb:
We had a letter last week. We haven’t heard about him since.
He had an accident last year and has been off work ever since.

4. The Present Perfect (Simple and Continuous) Used for Actions
and Situations Continuing up to the Present

A. When we want to talk about actions or situations which started in the past and
have continued up to the present, we often use the present perfect to show the
connection between past and present.


B. The present perfect continuous is used especially for more temporary actions
and situations; when we talk about more permanent situations, we prefer the
present perfect simple.
I’ve been living in Sally’s flat for the last month.
My parents have lived in Bristol all their lives.


C. Study these examples:

a) You’ve been smoking too much recently. You should smoke less. We are interested in the action. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not. In the example, the action has not been finished.	a) Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty. This time the important thing is that something has been finished. We are interested in the result of the action itself.
b) Ann has been writing letters all day. We use the continuous form to say how long something has been happening.	b) Ann has written ten letters today. We use the simple form to say how much we have done, how many things we have done, or how many times we have done something.

D. Remember that a number of verbs are not normally used in the continuous
form, but that some of these can be used in this form in certain cases.
I have never had such a beautiful ring.
but She has been having a bath for an hour.
I haven’t seen you for ages.
but Tom has just come from the airport. He’s been seeing off his mother.
In addition, the verb want is often used in the present perfect continuous, and
wish is also possible:
Thank you so much for this perfume. I’ve been wanting it for ages.
The present perfect continuous tense does not exist in the passive. The
nearest passive equivalent of a sentence such as They have been repairing the
road would normally be The road has been repaired lately (present perfect
passive), which is not exactly the same thing.