В пособии рассматриваются основные моменты английской грамматики: части речи имя существительное, имя прилагательное и наречие; видо-временные формы глагола; модальные глаголы; неличные формы глагола

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS)

1. Form

The present perfect simple is formed with the present tense of have + the
past participle:
I have worked. I have not worked. Have you worked? Haven’t you work?
He has worked. He has not worked. Has he worked? Hasn’t he work?
The present perfect continuous is formed by the present perfect of the verb
to be + the present participle:
I have been working I haven’t been working have you been working?
He has been working He hasn’t been working Has he been working?
This tense is a sort of mixture of present and past. It always implies a strong
connection with the present and is chiefly used in conversations, letters,
newspapers and television and radio reports.

2. The Present Perfect Used for Past Actions Whose Time is not
Definite

A. The present perfect is used for recent actions when the time is not mentioned:
I have read the rules but I don’t understand them.
Have you seen my passport? - Yes, I have.
Yes, I saw it on your desk a minute ago.


B. Recent actions in the present perfect often have results in the present:
I’ve lost my key. (=I haven’t got it now.)
The lift has broken down. (=We have to use the stairs.)


C. It can also be used for actions which occur further back in the past, provided
the connection with the present is still maintained, i.e. the action could be
repeated in the present:
John Carter has written a number of short stories means that he is
still alive and can write more.
But if John Carter is dead we would say:
John Carter wrote a number of short stories.

3. The Present Perfect Used for Actions Occurring in an Incomplete
Period