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Kramslcy developed the theory of A. Isachenko analyzing the number of consonant-vocals in the text, when T.Milevsky analyses number correlation with quality of sounds-Eastern (Atlantic), Western (Pacific Oceanic) and Middle sound type American languages.
The first founders of phonetics were such outstanding linguists as
A.Badouin de Courtenay),N. Krushevsky, P.Passy, A.Sweet, F.de Saussure and others.
The Prague linguistic school was the center of phonological typology in its time. N.S. Trubetskoy is considered as the founder of thetypology of thephonological system (theory of distinctive features).
There are other well-know linguists such as R. Jacobson, C. G Fant, M. Halle (spectrographic/acoustic classification), A. Isachenko, T. Kovalev, I. Kramsky, T. Milevsky, С. V. Voegelin, J. C. Pierce (quantitative criterion), A. Martine (suprasegmental typological classification), G. P. Melnikov, V. A. Vasilyev, E. D. Polivanov, A. M. Sherbak and others.
The main achievement in thedevelopment of phonological typology is phonological universals. E.g. All languages have vowels and consonants. If a language has voiced fricatives, it also has unvoiced fricatives, but not necessarily the other way round.
Phonetics is the isolated and independent level in language hierarchy. It is more investigated science in linguistics.
The following types of phonetics may be distinguished^
General phonetics which studies the human sound due to principles of theoretical phonetics. It is a part of general linguistics.
Descriptive phonetics which studies the phonetic system of a certain language.
Historical (diachronic) phonetics which studies the sound undergoes in the development of a language.
Comparative-typological phonetics studies the phonetic features of two or more languages of different systems.
Comparison of phonetic-phonological units is carried out in structural, genetic, areal and comparative typology (panchronic, diachronic and synchronic). The panchronic/diachronic comparison is not used because it is
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helpless and has no scientific value to compare genetically and aerially distant non- cognate English and Uzbek.
Questions for self-control:
Phonetics and phonology as different sciences.
Who is the founder of Phonological Typology?
What types of phonetics exist in Linguistics?
Differences between segmental and suprasegmental phonology.
What kind of characterizing ways of vowels and consonants do you know?
(). Syllable division in English and compared languages.
7. The problem of interference in foreign language teaching acquisition (Phonetic and phonological levels).
RecommendedLiterature:
Abduazizov A. A. Theoretical Phonetics of Modern English. Tashkent, 1986.
Peter Roach. English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge UNI Press, 1994.
Leontyeva S.F. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. Moscow, 2002.
Ьуранов Ж. Инглиз ва узбек тиллари қиёсий грамматикаси. Тошкент, 1973.
.S, Аракин В.Д. Сравнительнаятипологияанглийскогоирусскогоязыков. Ленинград, 1979.
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Typological characteristics of English, Uzbek and Russian languages phonetic systems
English, Uzbek and Russian languages vowel phonemes
Vowels are normally made with the air stream that meets no obstruction in the mouth, pharyngeal and nasal cavities.
On the articulatory level in English the description of vowels notes changes:
in the stability of articulation
in the tongue position
in the lip position
in their length
In Uzbek and Russian they are described:
according to the lips position
according to the vertical movement of the tongue
according to the horizontal movement of the tongue
English has
) 10 monophthongs: /i/, /e/, /эё/, /u/, /л/, /э/, /а:/, /о/, /о:/, /э:/.
) 8 diphthongs: glides to [i] -/ei/, /oi/, /ai/;
glides to [u] -/au/, /эи/, /иэ/; glides to [э] - /io/, /гэ/
) 2 diphthongoids /i:/, /и:/
Thus, the phonemic inventory of English vowels includes 20 phonemes and 6 vowel letters a, i, e, u, o, y, Uzbek has 6 vowel phonemes [и], [э], [а], [у], [у], [о] and letters i, e, a, u, o\ o. Russian also has 6 vowel phonemes [и], [ы], [у], [э], [о], [a] and 10 vowel letters а, о, э, и, у, ы, е, ё, ю, я.
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