Учебное пособие для студентов очной формы обучения направлений подготовки

8. Contingency theory (1980s and after) 
a) Idea that organizations are all similar and have the same objective – profit. 
b) Management must study every situation and design the best response. 
3. Think of the situations where you can use the following idioms. 
As bad as luck would have it, black money, cost a pretty penny, count one‘s chickens 
before they are hatched, cut-throat competition, get one‘s money‘s worth, give smb. credit 
(for smth.), have a heart of gold, have no business, a stroke of good fortune.
4. Speaking.
Preparing a Business Plan 
The business plan is an important document with two essential functions. It 
aims to convince possible investors and other stakeholders of the potential 
of a new business. It also works as a guide for the company in its first year 

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or two of operation. 
The business plan normally starts with a title page and outline of the new business. It 
includes the name, logo and mission statement of the activity. There are normally three main 
parts to the business plan. 
First, 
the Marketing Plan
. This includes a description of the products and services, an 
analysis of the market, a survey of the competition and a basic outline of promotion and 
selling strategies. 
The next part is 
the Financial Plan
, which includes details of start-up costs, a profit 
and loss forecast for the first year or two (or maybe three) and then a calculation of the break-
even point. This is to show when business expects to begin making a profit. 
Then there is usually a 
People and Action Plan
. This explains who is involved, and 
states their roles and responsibilities, their experience and abilities. The Action Plan explains 
what will happen in the important first year of the business, i.e. during the start-up phase. 
Finally, the business plan has some information on the location, perhaps with 
photographs and architect‘s drawings. At the end there are 
the Appendices
, containing any 
additional information and detailed information or support material. 
(Source: Professional English. Management)