Group 2.
Suggestion 1: Research into L2 listening in the classroom
Fry(1) (personal communication) advises, where circumstances permit,
allowing learners to control the tape-recorder so that they can work on, and re-hear,
those passages of the recording that they have problems with. Fry's experience is
with classes of adult learners of English: he divides the class up into small groups
and, after having done the warm up phase and set the listening task, he gives each
group a tape-recorder, and the tape, and leaves it to the group to control the tape-
recorder. He reports being very surprised at what they found easy, and what they
find difficult in listening.
My experience of working with learners with computer controlled access to
recordings (reported in part in Cauldwell, 1996) is also one in which I learned a
great deal about their powers and weaknesses in perception and understanding. It
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brought home to me the fact that their difficulties lay in what were for me
'surprising' places.
So there are two benefits to allowing learners to control of the tape recorder:
they can focus on their own needs; and for the teachers it amounts to research into
second language listening - teachers discover where gaps in understanding and
perception
lie.
Suggestion 2: A fast speech phonology
Teachers should be trained in 'observing' speech, and particularly the authentic
speech that now is a feature of many listening comprehension and general
textbooks. This training does not currently take place. The training they get is in
the area of fixed position phonology for the teaching of pronunciation. This
training is typically concerned with the articulation of minimal pairs of consonants
and vowels so that teachers can explain to learners how they can improve their
pronunciation.
But these current approaches to 'phonology for pronunciation' do not give adequate
preparation for dealing with the features of authentic fast speech, not even in the
areas where they might be thought to do so: elision, assimilation, sentence stress,
and intonation. The 'rules of speech' presented in such materials are derived from
introspection concerning how decontextualized written sentences might be read
aloud. These 'rules of speech' are inadequate to account for what happens in fast
spontaneous speech.
There is therefore a need for a 'fast speech phonology' which prepares
teachers to observe and explain the variability of fast speech. A major element of
this training would be to encourage teachers to rid their minds of the expectations
and rules they have inherited from fixed position phonology. As for what else
might be included, Field (1998: 13) suggests features such as 'hesitations,
stuttering, false starts, and long, loosely structured sentences'. To this list one can
add all the features of speech described in Brazil (1994; 1997) - prominences, tone
units of different sizes, tones, pitch height. One can also add the differences
between citation and running forms of words, turn taking, accent, voice quality,
and
the
effects
of
speed
on
speech.
Suggestion 3: Grasping the nettle
Learners will claim that fast speech is too difficult for them: and teachers will
naturally feel tempted to give them easier, slower, scripted materials that they feel
comfortable with. If this solution is adopted however, learners will be under-
190
prepared to cope with the fast spontaneous speech that will come their way when
they
meet
native
speakers
of
English.
It is necessary to allow learners to feel challenged, and it may be necessary for
them to feel frustrated by the demands of the listening task. I took a survey of one
class of seven advanced learners of English (teachers of English from Japan) at the
moment when they were deeply immersed in a difficult recording, and attempting
to answer questions relating to the recording. I asked them to score their feelings
on a five point scale with 'A' as 'happy' and 'E' 'unhappy'. Some time later, after
doing the post-listening exercises I asked them to make judgments on the same
scale. The results are shown in Table 1
Table 1 Survey of learners' feelings before and after post-listening activities
Happy Unhappy
A
B
C
D
E
Before 0
0
1
1
5
After 3
3
1
0
0
Table 1 shows that there was a major shift in feeling between the end of the while
listening phase and the end of the post-listening phase: learners moved from being
broadly 'unhappy' to broadly 'happy'. (The means by which this change was
brought about will be described in the next section.) Here, it is important to note
that it is vital for teachers to be prepared for periods of learner frustration, and to
have the methodological training and knowledge base to help learners through
periods of discomfort and frustration to increasingly sophisticated levels of
perception and understanding. If the goal is to help learners become better
listeners, it is vital that they learn to be comfortable handling fast speech.
Notes
(1) John Fry of the British Council, Hong Kong
Suggestion 4: The Post-Listening phase: the importance of handling speech
What is involved in 'handling' fast speech? When we invite learners to do a reading
task, we ask them to inspect sequences of words of varying sizes (paragraphs,
clauses, phrases) for evidence to help them complete the tasks we have set. The
same should be true for listening tasks: we should ask learners to inspect sequences
of words (in speech units of different sizes) for answers to the tasks. However,
there are important differences between reading and listening tasks: with the
written language perception is not an issue, the words occur and remain for
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inspection on the page; with the spoken language the words are not available for
inspection in the same way, they are available only for inspection in the short-term
memory of the learners, and here perception is an issue. Perception - particularly
the ability to hold sounds in short term memory long enough to inspect them for
meaning - is a skill that is a pre-requisite for understanding.
One feature of any post-listening phase, therefore, is to give learners the
experience of handling sequences of speech while inspecting them for clues to
understanding. It is therefore necessary for the learners to re-hear and spend time
(this may be private, or in discussion with a partner what they hear) with the
crucial answer-bearing moments of a recording, and this must be done before the
learners see the written transcript, so that the ears are doing the work, not the eyes.
It is vital therefore that the points chosen to be the focus of the listening task
should be both central to the 'meaning' of the recording, and challenging in terms
of perception. One way of doing this is to select those parts of the recording which
are both using software such as 'Motormouth' (Cauldwell & Batchelor, 1999) and
'meaningful'.
At some stage (after an appropriate amount of 'ear-handling') learners should
see the written transcript so that they can get feedback on the accuracy or
waywardness of their perceptions. This is the point in the listening class when we
have the opportunity of actually teaching listening (which Field 1998 argues for):
we can help the learners bridge the gap between the known and the unknown, but
paradoxically it is the part of a listening comprehension class that is most often
omitted, or to which least time is devoted.
Then comes the second vital stage in handling speech, the one that made my
learners turn from being 'unhappy' to being 'happy'. This stage involves the learners
imitating short, fast, challenging extracts of the recording at the same time and the
same speed as the speaker. The teacher chooses an extract and first asks learners to
look at a written version and to say it repeatedly to themselves, gradually
increasing the speed at which they say it. The teacher then plays the selected
extract repeatedly (by skillful use of the rewind button) and the learners try to
imitate
as
accurately
as
possible
the
features
of
the
original.
Such extracts should not be long: the longest sequence of words I use for such
work lasts just over two seconds and is spoken at 408 words per minute, with two
prominent syllables in the places indicated by upper-case letters:
this is ONE i'm going to be looking at in slightly more DEtail in fact
My (advanced level) learners find it an exciting challenge to handle speech in this
way, to be able to match native speaker speeds, and I believe it is important to give
learners at all levels practice of handling fast speech in the two ways outlined in
this section: handling by ear - repeated listening to the fastest meaning-bearing
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extracts; and handling by speaking - imitating the features of the fastest extracts. It
is important to refrain from looking at written versions of the extract too early (ear-
handling should precede eye-handling), but it is equally important to inspect
written versions of the extracts at some stage.
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