Transitive and intransitive verbs (o’timli va o’timsiz fe’llar)

UNIT – 116

1. By predlogi vaqtni ifodalaydigan so’zlarning oldidan ishlatilganda “-gacha” deb tarjima qilinadi. By predlogi biror ish-harakatning o’sha vaqtdan kechiktirilmasdan bajarilishini bildiradi. By = not later than: I posted the letter, so they should receive it by Monday. (on Monday or before Monday, on Monday at the least). Men xatni jo’natdim, shuning uchun ular uni Dushanbagacha olsa kerak. (dushanba kuni yoki dushanbadan oldin, eng kechi bilan dushanba kuni).

2. “-gacha” ma’nosida until (till) predlogi ishlatiladi. Until (till) predlogi biror vaziyatning qancha vaqt davom etishini ifodalaydi: Shall we go now? No, we shall wait until (till) it stops raining. Hozir ketamizmi? Yo’q, biz yomg’ir to’xtaguncha kutamiz.

3. UNTIL va BY predloglarini qiyoslaganimizda shu ma’lum bo’ladiki. Until predlogi biror ish-harakatning belgilangan vaqtgacha aniq davom etishi va aynan belgilangan vaqtda tugashini bildiradi. BY esa biror ish-harakatning belgilangan vaqtdan oldin ham tugab qolishini, eng kechi bilan belgilangan vaqtda tugashini biladiradi: Tom will be away until Monday. Tom Dushanbagacha safarda bo’ladi (u aynan Dushanba kuni qaytadi, undan oldin qaytmaydi). Tom will be back by Monday. Tom Dushanbagacha qaytib keladi. (u Dushanbadan oldin qaytib kelishi ham mumkin).

4. BY predlogi quyidagi vaqtni ifodalovchi so’zlar bilan kelib birikmalar hosil qiladi: by the time – vaqtgacha, paytgacha, by then – ungacha, o’shangacha, by that time – o’sha paytgacha: Anvar finally arrived at the party at midnight. But by then (or by that time) most of the guests had left. Anvar va nihoyat yarim kechasi ziyofatga yetib keldi. Lekin ungacha mehmonlarning ko’pchiligi ketib qolgan edi.

UNIT – 117

IN, AT, ON predloglarining joylar uchun ishlatilishi