Licenses and approvals:
Restrictions may apply to one category of tourism
business but not another, i.e., tour operators vs. travel agents. Licenses and
approvals to create and operate a business can present the investor with confusing
application procedures and lengthy waiting periods.
•
Access to land and foreign ownership restrictions:
Many countries control foreign
ownership and investment by specifying a minimum level of local ownership. Land is
of particular concern, as many countries restrict foreign ownership or leasing of land.
These regulations often have a significant impact on the types and terms of financing
available for project development.
•
Import restrictions:
In addition to subjecting the investor to excessive delays or
denials to import required equipment and supplies, other restrictions include
mandatory waiting period for import permits, licensing for commodity imports,
additional foreign exchange requirements to pay for imports, outright bans on certain
products, quotas that limit quantities, prior approval of the Ministry of Finance or
Central Bank for an advance payment for imports, delays obtaining duty-free status,
etc.
•
Taxes and custom duties:
Such costs impact profit margins and international price
competitiveness, since businesses often pass on those costs to the consumer.
•
Foreign exchange controls and remittances:
Access to foreign exchange at
market rates is especially important for tourism-related businesses, where many
(often most) transactions involve foreign exchange. Obstacles to accessing foreign
exchange or remitting profits can forestall investment. Outright blocks, delays, and
limits on repatriation of profits, as well as other restrictions, such as requiring central
bank approval for repatriation of funds or to set up an offshore escrow account
negatively affect a country’s ability to attract investment.
•
Air access:
Adequate aviation infrastructure is essential for airlines and tourists to
access destinations at a reasonable price. Lack of direct air routes and a limited
number of flights, difficult flight connections, and high airfares all limit tourist flows.
While this barrier often transcends government policy (e.g., a lack of demand may
drive up costs), sometimes governments actively restrict air access to protect a
national airline or for other reasons. The preferred approach of the United States and
many partner nations is an Open Skies policy which eliminates obstacles to free and
fair airline competition.
•
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |