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Introduction……………………………………………………......
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16
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1.
|
Metrologicalmaintenance in communication and information sphere……………………….……………………………………..
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18
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1.1
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The basic terms used in metrology…………...……………...........
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18
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1.2
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Classification of measurements……...……………………………
|
20
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1.3
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The basic characteristics of measurement..……………………….
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21
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1.4
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Phisical sizes and units of measurements...……………………….
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22
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1.5
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Standards and exemplary measuring apparatures…………………
|
23
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1.6
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Standard – a legal basis of metrological maintenance in communicaton and information sphere…………………………...
|
26
|
|
Control questions...………………………………………………..
|
27
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2.
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Errors of measurements. the basic concepts………………………
|
29
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2.1
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Regular errors……..………………………………………………
|
30
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2.1.1
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Methodical errors.…………..…………..…………..……………..
|
30
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2.1.2
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Tool errors…………………..…………..…………..…………….
|
32
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2.1.3
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Subjective regular errors……..…………..…………..……............
|
32
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2.1.4
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Exception of regular errors and estimation methods...………..…………..…………..…………..…………….
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33
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2.2
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Casual errors……..…………..…………..…………..……………
|
35
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2.2.1
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Definition of casual errors……………………..………………….
|
35
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2.2.2
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Mathematical model of casual errors………...……………………
|
35
|
|
Control questions...………………………………………………..
|
48
|
3.
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Rationing of errors of mesuring apparatures……..……………….
|
49
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3.1
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Classes of accuracy of measuring apparatures.…..……………….
|
50
|
|
Control questions...………………………………………………..
|
57
|
4.
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Measuring signals. The pulse and digital measuring technics...…..
|
58
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4.1
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The basic data on measuring signals…………...……………........
|
58
|
4.2
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Mathematical definition of measuring signals…..…………...........
|
61
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4.3
|
Pulse and impulse – the code modulated signal..............................
|
69
|
4.4
|
The basic data on the pulse and digital measuring technics............
|
71
|
4.5
|
Logic and digital elements………………………………………...
|
73
|
4.6
|
Digital measuring devices and converts…………………………..
|
82
|
4.7
|
Analog-digital and digital-to-analogue converters..........................
|
84
|
|
Control questions...………………………………………………..
|
91
|
5.
|
Methods of measurement of pressure and capacity………….……
|
93
|
5.1
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Key rules……….…………..…………..…………..……………...
|
93
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5.2
|
The basic characteristics and classification of electronic voltmeters…………………………………………………………
|
96
|
5.3
|
Principle of work and block diagrammes of electronic voltmeters………………………………………………………....
|
97
|
5.4
|
Transformation of an alternating voltage to the constant................
|
98
|
5.5
|
Dependence of indications of voltmeters on the form of measured pressure..…………..…………..…………..……………
|
106
|
5.6
|
Measurement of levels of pressure….……..……...........................
|
110
|
5.6.1
|
Absolute levels on a current, pressure and capacity….…………...
|
111
|
5.6.2
|
Relative levels……………..………………………………………
|
113
|
5.6.3
|
Transfer units….…………………………………………………..
|
114
|
5.6.4
|
The block diagramme of a measureing instrument of level...…….
|
115
|
5.6.5
|
Entrance chains of voltmeters and level measuring instruments.......................................................................................
|
121
|
5.6.6
|
Influence on an error of a measuring instrument of level of connecting cords…………………………………………..............
|
125
|
5.7
|
Capacity measurement.……..…………..…………..……………..
|
129
|
5.7.1
|
Key rules……….…………..…………..…………..………….......
|
129
|
5.7.2
|
Classification of measuring instruments of capacity...……………
|
131
|
5.7.3
|
Capacity measurement in chains variable and a direct current of industrial frequency………...…………..…………..……………..
|
132
|
5.7.4
|
Digital wattmeter……………..…………..…………..……….......
|
137
|
|
Control questions………………………………………………….
|
138
|
6.
|
Supervision and the analysis of the form of electric signals….......
|
139
|
6.1
|
Electronic oscillograph…………..…………..…………..………..
|
139
|
6.2
|
Electron beam oscillographic tube…..…………..………………...
|
139
|
6.3
|
The oscillograph block diagramme………..…………..………….
|
142
|
6.4
|
Kinds of development of an electronic oscillograph...…................
|
147
|
6.5
|
Synchronization of development of an oscillograph..…………….
|
151
|
6.6
|
Oscillograph calibrators..…………..…………..………………….
|
157
|
6.7
|
Multibeam oscillographs…………..…………..………………….
|
164
|
6.8
|
Stroboscopic oscillograph...…………..…………..……………….
|
165
|
6.9
|
Digital oscillograph……………..…………..…………………….
|
170
|
|
Control questions...………………………………………………..
|
172
|
7.
|
Measurement of time and frequency parameters of a signal and the spectrum analysis………………...…………..………………..
|
173
|
7.1
|
Analogue methods of measurement of frequency...………………
|
173
|
7.2
|
Digital measuring instruments of frequency of a time interval…….…………..…………..…………..…………..………
|
180
|
7.3
|
Measurement of phase shift.……..…………..…………..………..
|
191
|
7.4
|
Measurement of peak-frequency characteristics………………….
|
198
|
7.4.1
|
Measurement of the peak-frequency characteristic on points….…
|
198
|
7.4.2
|
Principle of construction of an automatic measuring instrument of peak-frequency characteristics…................................................
|
199
|
7.5
|
The analysis of a spectrum of a signal……...……………………..
|
203
|
7.5.1
|
The basic data……...……………………………………………...
|
203
|
7.5.2
|
The parallel analysis of a spectrum of a signal……………………
|
205
|
7.5.3
|
The consecutive analysis of a spectrum a signal….………………
|
207
|
7.5.4
|
The digital analysis of a spectrum…...…………………………....
|
212
|
7.5.5
|
The analyzer of a spectrum with the digital filter….……………...
|
215
|
7.5.6
|
Measurement of nonlinear distortions…………………………….
|
215
|
|
Control questions...………………………………………………..
|
224
|
8.
|
Generators of measuring signals……………………………..…....
|
225
|
8.1
|
Classification of generators. Key parameters.………….................
|
225
|
8.2
|
Features of generators of a sinusoidal signal……...………………
|
225
|
8.3
|
Low frequency generators………..…………..…………………...
|
227
|
8.4
|
Standars of frequency and synthesizers.………..…………………
|
230
|
|
Control questions...………………………………………………..
|
233
|
9.
|
Methods and measuring apparatures of parameters of components of chains……………………………………………..
|
234
|
9.1
|
Classification of devices and methods of measurement of parameters of components of the concentrated chains..…………..
|
234
|
9.2
|
Direct measurement of parameters and components of chains…...
|
234
|
9.3
|
Indirect measurements of parameters and components of chains...
|
245
|
9.4
|
Measurement of linear parameters CVU of devices…….………...
|
256
|
|
Control questions...………………………………………………..
|
265
|
10.
|
Information-measuring devices and systems……………...............
|
267
|
10.1
|
The basic data…….…………..…………..…………..……….......
|
267
|
10.2
|
Measuring systes..…………..…………..…………..……………..
|
267
|
10.3
|
Virtual information-measuring systems...…..…………..………...
|
268
|
10.4
|
Intellectual measuring systems……..…..…………..………..........
|
269
|
10.5
|
Interfaces...…………..…………..…………..……………….........
|
270
|
|
Control questions...………………………………………………..
|
277
|
|
The literature………………..…………..…………………………
|
279
|
