Why don’t all urban planning professionals embrace systems design?
Perhaps this is because, in order to develop a ‘credible’ theoretical base, the design professions have
borrowed frameworks and concepts from other linear-reductionist fields [Chapter 12]. These fields
tend to marginalize design by conceiving it as a
means
of communication and expression, rather
than as a different
kind
of thinking. This is reflected not only in the planning literature, but also in
built form itself. Urban design has often been less about achieving social, economic and ecological
objectives than about creating a sense of ‘urbanity’.
53
In fact, architecture can feed materialism and
drive consumption. For example, design journals describe how the building user’s senses may be
manipulated, such as encouraging shopping through store design that generates visual ‘noise’ and
excitement.
54
The dictates of style and commercialism, as well as industrial systems of production
and construction, go some way towards explaining why most modern cities look alike, despite
completely different climatic, geological and ecological zones.
55
‘One size fits all’ thinking, narrow
design objectives, and the desire to impress fellow professionals and critics are found even in green
building design [Chapter 6]. In contrast, Positive Development would prioritize the diversity and
equitable distribution of environmental quality and amenity over feats of engineering.
56
How can spatial design provide an equitable distribution of benefits?
Equity and sense of community are more about environmental amenity than access to shopping.
57
The research into the relationship between compact form and equity has had inconsistent findings,
so drawing a connection between social equity and compact form is problematic. The advocacy of
compact cities has often been based on the qualities of dynamic European inner cities, but the urban
cultures may be very different. The fact that some correlations exist does not necessarily mean that
one factor has caused the other. For example, in Australia, cities were relatively equitable in the
past, and were not the product of consolidation policies. In established high-density European
communities, strong social bonds and networks may have developed for many reasons unrelated to
dense living arrangements. Furthermore, what worked at one time or place may not apply in another
era, culture or context. Increasing residential density in a new inner city area is not likely to create a
sense of community. Urban design need not only be site specific, then, it needs to be adaptive. While
living for a few months in a beautiful medieval village in Spain, the author found that residents had
many complaints about their picturesque and fairly equitable and cohesive community. It was a cold
stone environment without gardens, and many preferred to move to the surrounding, admittedly
‘ugly’, modern city just to obtain more sunlight and space. Further, density did not reduce car usage.
Residents rebelled against parking restrictions, so the cobblestone streets were choked with cars. A
direct design approach would mean implementing immediate improvements to urban life quality,
ecology and equity that accommodates changing needs and preferences – not controls that attempt
to change preferences.
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