‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


Can we really expect more than the protection of remaining natural areas?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Can we really expect more than the protection of remaining natural areas?
Yes, if we realize that the built environment is one area where we could ‘de-couple’ economic growth 
from negative environmental impacts. For example, according to the CSIRO, Australia spends 
AU$100 billion a year on infrastructure, and much of this on 
aging
structures like bridges, sewerage 
and water systems.
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A 10 per cent cut in ongoing infrastructure costs through mere efficiencies was 


67
Development Standards and Criteria
estimated to be equivalent to 3 per cent GDP growth. Meanwhile, we are leaving older urban areas 
to deteriorate to the point where it appears ‘cheaper’ to demolish rather than revitalize them. There 
are many ways in which our project assessment and review processes favour new development over 
eco-retrofitting. A basic one is that the standard for 
new
construction is so low. A ‘sustainability 
standard’ would mean that development is better ecologically and socially after construction than 
before. If all development were expected to increase appropriate ecosystems and habitats, for
example, development on green field sites would have to enhance the ecological health of its site and/
or region. Similarly, if we counted embodied waste, eco-retrofitting would be understood to cost less 
and involve less resource flows than new development. The use of ‘unspoiled’ land would be seen as 
a privilege, not a right. Another basic reason our conceptual frameworks favour new construction 
is that they conceal our dependence on the ecological base. For example, our economic models 
represent environmental impacts as external to the economy. We still see nature as the opposite of 
human development – if not a threat to civilization.
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Not surprisingly, then, current environmental 
management and planning systems allow development to trade off natural for artificial environments.
Positive Development will therefore require new institutional and intellectual constructs. One of these 
is a new understanding of how waste is embedded in built environment design and construction.

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