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Isn’t renewable energy more expensive at the local scale of production?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Isn’t renewable energy more expensive at the local scale of production?
It can be. Scale is a fundamental determinant of whole systems efficiency [Box 14]. Domestic-scale 
sewage and electricity production tend not to be cost efficient, but neighbourhood-scale energy 
production can be more efficient than large-scale projects. Centralized sewage and energy systems 
can also have greater environmental impacts. For example, hydroelectric power may be efficient 
to operate, but dam construction involves extensive resource flows in mining and transport. The 
associated ‘land-morphing’ destroys habitats, ecosystems and soil. It is therefore important to reduce 
the demand for electricity by designing buildings, transport and other systems to consume far less 
energy but, more importantly, to avoid fossil fuel plants and dams. Photovoltaic cells, which generate 
electricity from the sun, will soon be economical for private homes and buildings – notwithstanding 
the long history of subsidies to centralized, or fossil forms of energy production.
48
Many towns, states 
and countries already have rebates for solar cells and/or net metering, where people are paid extra 
for the energy they put back into the grid. This is because their decision-makers recognize that solar 
and wind power save the community money and increase their economic security. Since energy and 
materials are used in the production of solar cells, however, it is important that passive solar energy 
be maximized first.

Until solar technologies improve, some ‘non-solar’ energy in cities may still be 


57
Sustainable Urban Form
required. However, there is generally no excuse for the use of fossil fuels in heating, cooling and 
ventilating buildings, given their adverse impacts throughout their supply chain.
49
Buildings should, 
at the very least, use direct solar energy for heating, cooling and ventilation.

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