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Wouldn’t reducing car travel greatly improve the health of city dwellers?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Wouldn’t reducing car travel greatly improve the health of city dwellers?
Indeed, some research has found that compact cities perform best in terms of fuel efficiency, carbon 
dioxide emissions, and pollutant emissions of, for example, VOCs, NOx, CO, SO
2
and smog. Other 
studies, however, have linked compact urban form to increased air pollution and respiratory disease, 
especially that associated with fine particle concentrations. Therefore one cannot separate out the 
influence of building design and materials, and the amount of green space, from these health statistics.
If people are exposed to more pollution by walking than taking a train or car, as is often the case, it is 
not reasonable to ask them to walk. Of course, councils could have lower registration fees for hybrid 
cars and even lower fees for cars that do not use petrol. However, 
indirect
economic instruments 
aimed at encouraging more ‘efficient’ engines do not differentiate electric or fuel cell operated engines 
from fossil fuel operated engines. Marginal improvements in engines operating on fossil fuels can only 
mitigate the ‘measured’ impacts of conventional cars. Direct actions that force the re-design of cars, 
buildings and public transport systems, in contrast, could greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, 
energy consumption and pollution. For example, super-efficient and light weight ‘hypercars’, electric 
cars and fuel cell buses could reduce greenhouse gas emissions quicker than either land-use controls 
or indirect economic incentives.
41
Their adoption would be aided more quickly by the removal of 
fossil fuel subsidies than by land-use densification. Nonetheless, the life-cycle and public costs of new 
hypercars are rarely, if ever, compared to conventional cars. Only fuel efficiency has been presented 
in the media, and cheaper fuel (and more guilt) is presented as the answer. 

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