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Isn’t more residential density still a good way to increase sustainability?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Isn’t more residential density still a good way to increase sustainability?
Density is not a good indicator in isolation from other variables. In fact, densification can indicate 
less sustainability. Density is not an accurate indicator because, first, it does not recognize the need 
to accommodate different lifestyle choices and diverse family styles. An investment in value-adding 
design and spatial options that improve health, life quality and resource efficiency can make inner city 
living more attractive. Exciting design features are more easily achieved by the diverse use of space, 
rather than the multiplication of uniform cells. Second, density is easy to measure, but not easy to 
measure meaningfully. For example, students sometimes overcrowd in shared housing, while more 
single people are tending to occupy bigger homes. While average space per person is increasing, 
that factor in itself does not cause sprawl. Poor design causes sprawl. Third, densification can 
reduce living space, natural goods, services and amenity, while also increasing total resource flows.
Increasing ‘dwellings per hectare’ or ‘new buildings in the central business district’ can increase 
materials and energy consumption per person, per building and in total. It can also, again, reduce 
potential adaptability to climate change by restricting passive solar heating and cooling, which requires 
space and solar access. So while the contemporary suburban model is non-sustainable, the negative 
impacts of both cities and suburbs could be increased by densification. Eco-retrofitting would be a 
more direct solution that avoids the risk of policies that have unpredictable results.
Do existing suburbs have the potential for low-cost eco-retrofitting actions?
Yes, either with or without more density. Suburban or rural development now entails a great deal 
of waste, such as duplication in infrastructure and services. Many suburbanites have their own 
lawnmowers, boats and washing machines, which they use infrequently. Also, suburbanites are 
generally more dependent on cars than urbanites. Multi-family urban dwellings, condominiums and 
co-housing can achieve some resource savings through shared cars, building services and landscaping, 
common facilities, and saved construction materials. For example, common walls and floors can 
reduce the need for materials and insulation. Compared to the resource-autonomous suburban 
model, however, replacing suburbs with apartment blocks or condominiums can have greater resource 


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Positive Development
flows due to the (likely) use of conventional infrastructure (eg sewerage, electricity, drainage and 
parking structures). In established urban areas, capital and resource intensive infrastructure is 
usually necessary and entails high ongoing operational and maintenance costs. Construction and 
transport costs are much higher in urban areas due to the inflexible nature of the existing inner city 
areas. Alternative technologies are available in either context but, generally, urban re-development 
is more difficult and expensive. The space in suburbs, in contrast, offers unique opportunities for 
low-cost retrofitting for food, water and energy self-sufficiency through 
intensification
– rather than 
densification – of land uses.

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