‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


Even if cars remain subsidized, wouldn’t higher density reduce driving?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Even if cars remain subsidized, wouldn’t higher density reduce driving?
The emphasis on ‘densification’ through land-use planning to encourage a reduction in personal car 
usage does not appear to work well. But the debate has helped to keep eco-retrofitting off the agenda.
Changing land uses or encouraging infill development to shorten car trips would not be as quick or 
cost-effective in the short term as making homes more resource autonomous. Figures vary but, for 
example, the residential sector in Canberra accounts for over 46 per cent of Canberra’s greenhouse 
gas emissions, whereas transport fuels account for 26 per cent. Therefore, retrofitting for passive solar 
or at least plugging leaks would make sense.
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Further, less than a third of car trips are to work, so 
land-use planning to make home and work closer could have a limited impact.
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Moreover, ‘stop and 
start’ traffic due to congestion causes additional pollution (except in the case of hybrid cars). This is 
not to de-emphasize the car problem. But in the meantime, it would be quick and easy to implement 
simple energy saving measures such as draft proofing, insulation, external shading devices, solar water 
heating, and plugging energy and water leaks. Eco-retrofitting homes could save resources, reduce 
emissions and create jobs while we deal with the political impasse created by a history of subsidies 
to the car industry. Nonetheless, the concept of retrofitting buildings and suburbs still receives 
little interest or response. Again, this is partly because even some environmentalists tend to reduce 
everything to 
energy
while ignoring other fundamentals like ‘ecological waste’ [Chapter 4].


52
Positive Development
Surely energy consumption is the key measure of urban sustainability? 
Not really. One of the most influential people to link systems thinking and ecology was Howard T. 
Odum, who did so by using energy as a unifying element of analysis.
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This was an impressive step 
forward. But subsequent analyses by ‘sorcerer’s apprentices’ have consequently marginalized other 
dimensions (like ‘life’ itself). Reducing everything to one element, like energy, can bar ecological 
solutions that accommodate living things. Of course, some of the ecological costs of development 
are represented by energy figures. For example, the amount of fuel used to produce a material or 
product, and the distance from the site of material production to the construction project, can be 
roughly accounted for in embodied energy calculations. But other aspects and impacts of materials 
and use of space are not. Embodied energy does not, for example, fully capture the source of fuels and 
materials (ie whether solar or petrochemical). Nor can it fully represent all the ecological impacts at 
the source of materials extraction and construction that are 
site-specific
(such as toxic waste, threats 
to endangered species, or topsoil disruption leading to erosion and loss of carbon sequestration). In 
life-cycle analyses and some rating tools, figures are added in to represent the destruction of habitat, 
based on ‘expert opinion’ or other devices. But these still leave out the time and space for natural 
ecosystems to recover and evolve. Reductionist approaches that aim to reduce everything to one 
element cause the omission of other system-wide issues. A simple example is that of passenger car 
travel, which is only one part of road transport (let alone the urban system) [Box 10].

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