‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


But isn’t increased density the best way to reduce driving anyway?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

But isn’t increased density the best way to reduce driving anyway?
An influential 1989 study found that a high residential density correlated with reduced travel in 
37 cities around the world.
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There are problems, however, with studying the relationship between 
transport and residential density in terms of energy – in isolation from the life-support system as a 
whole. If we begin with the proposition that land-use change is the solution, we get very different 
outcomes than if we support and build upon the ecological base. In other words, using energy as 
a sole basis for comparing models of urban form can lead to policies that are ecologically counter-
productive. And just as land-use controls are problematic tools for tackling car dependency, they can 
distract us from more ‘direct’ and immediate solutions – like providing a good bus system [Chapter 1].
In addition to the general problems with planning by regulation listed above, land-use controls involve 
many indirect administrative costs. They require staffing to administer financial incentives, approval 
processes, regulatory revision and monitoring. Outcomes per investment dollar required to increase 
density could be relatively poor in contrast to encouraging central and/or suburban revitalization 
through retrofitting for increased environmental amenity and public transport. Moreover, removing 
subsidies to private cars would be quicker than urban consolidation via land-use controls. While 
a fraction of money spent on bus systems is usually recouped through fares, provision for cars still 
generally receives far more subsidies than public transport.
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The costs of subsidies to public transport 
compared to those of cars and trucks are rarely calculated, let alone made public. It took decades to 
get climate change on the agenda for public debate. The idea of eliminating perverse subsidies for 
cars and fossil fuels is seldom put on the table.
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