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Can institutional design reduce the manipulation of public opinion?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Can institutional design reduce the manipulation of public opinion?
Our systems of governance still reflect the industrial growth paradigm. They encourage the 
exploitation of land and natural resources.
7
Power is ultimately derived from the control of natural 
resources. Given blank cheques in exchange for resource exploitation over time, some companies 
grew to become powerful lobbies that could manipulate public values and opinions.
8
Therefore sound 
environmental management is of the essence in preventing the abuse of power and manipulation 
of fear and insecurity. Despite often the best intentions, most systems of governance only mitigate 
the social conflict created by externalities, by ensuring benefits ‘trickle down’ to the disadvantaged.
Yet the concentration of wealth continues to grow. We have seen that environmental management 
and planning systems conceal the mechanisms by which the growing disparity in the distribution of 
wealth and accumulation of power are perpetuated. In this way, planning supports disparities and 
ultimately, therefore, conflict. Environmental and planning laws have been added on incrementally, 
as some would say, in response to sporadic public ‘noise’. However, ad hoc laws do not constitute 
a system of eco-governance. To counteract the imbalance of power, the government system itself 
must be 
modernized
to recognize the centrality of environmental ethics in attaining and preserving 
distributional justice. We need to develop a collective, future-oriented process of imagining, thinking, 
debating and problem-solving within a set of agreed superordinate sustainability principles. In other 
words, a new planning sphere.
9


222
Positive Development
Why can’t existing constitutional structures prevent the abuse of power?
The American system of governance was based on ethical principles, such as human rights, substantive 
and procedural due process, and equality – even if just among white men. Checks and balances were 
built into the system to prevent the accumulation and abuse of power. The problem is that this system 
of governance was designed and developed when few people realized that natural resources were finite 
in an industrial society. They were not even aware of ecological issues. In fact, nature has often been 
seen as a threat, not a necessity. So while the American Constitution was explicitly designed to prevent 
the abuse of power, it also reflected the assumption that there was no limit to resource consumption.
It manifested a frontier ethic.
10
After all, at the time it was designed, the greatest threats to human 
liberties were from monarchs, not climate change, tribal terrorism or nuclear war. Large bureaucracies 
and powerful international corporate interests were scarcely on the scene. The system design focus 
was therefore to prevent the abuse of power by those with hereditary positions. Consequently, the 
system of governance allocated resources as if they were infinite. Over time, these ‘first come, first 
served’ decisions generated unequal access to, and control of, natural resources. This, in turn, led to 
unequal power relationships and excessive corporate power. Unchecked power inevitably leads to 
injustice and conflict over time.

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