Don’t we need to know that benefits of direct actions will outweigh the costs?
Not if the eco-solutions are a good investment for private developers or public agencies, and work
to improve social and ecological values. In that case, the only issue is one of investment priorities
[Chapter 14]. We have seen that it is not difficult to establish that a building does not use toxic
materials, and makes the environment and people healthier. Improvements in, say, air or water
quality from its entering to its exiting the building are easy to verify. Natural systems (using plants,
natural light and air movement) seldom hurt, and sometimes even strengthen human health and
immune systems. In many cases, of course, we need to measure the predicted ecological (as opposed
to environmental) gain before construction occurs, for project approval purposes. To do so, we can
employ emerging technologies like bioacoustic measurements.
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Alternatively, we can simply establish
a surrogate for increases in the amount of biota, indigenous species and habitat in a development
– beyond what the site could support before construction. Again, surrogates are used because we
cannot actually measure complex natural systems. Ecological space provides one such surrogate and
is easy to measure [Chapter 3]. Thus, increases in natural capital in urban areas could be achieved
by assigning credits for infrastructure that supports potentially self-managing ecosystems and eco-
services in the built environment. Credits for ecological space could be allocated through existing
building rating tools or TDR schemes. Or, one could simply add ‘points’ for ecological space in
standard development review and approval processes.
Wouldn’t space for biological systems compete with economic functions?
We have seen that space can be designed for multiple social, economic and ecological functions
[Chapter 1]. Atriums or sunspaces can actually expand the usable home or office space at little
or no extra cost, as they envelop, heat and cool space cheaply. Attached greenhouses can serve
environmental, social and economic functions. Interior spaces can be integrated with light wells
and vertical landscapes that clean the air and water. Garages or even spare attic spaces can be
converted to greenhouses. So instead of reducing usable floor area, ecological space can add usable
space, amenity and market value to existing buildings. As we have noted, wind power and solar
disks do not take space from other productive activity in urban or rural areas. A simple, low-cost
incentive to encourage ecological space in retrofitting would be to allow exemptions from building
envelope restrictions for sunspaces that provide ecosystem services. That is, we could allow functional
solariums and greenhouse spaces in rear or side yards where this does not interfere with the amenity
of neighbouring properties.
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This could be extended to large buildings by allowing floor area, set
back or height limit exemptions in exchange for the provision of ecological space. There are many
‘dead spaces’ in urban areas where the opportunity to generate passive solar heating, cooling and
ventilating could be achieved with concomitant increases in ecological space. There are also dead
spaces in the interior of many homes that could be converted to energy capture and storage (as in
the Solar Core) [Box 9].
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Eco-service Trading Schemes
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