‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Transformation
(internal metabolism): Energy and resource consumption are particularly
associated with internal metabolism in transportation systems, infrastructure and facilities,
consumerism, heating and air-conditioning buildings, and recycling products.
In practice, however, metabolic analyses have tended to measure and describe the inputs and outputs 
of cities, factories and regions. For example, looking at farm inputs and outputs made us aware of the 
impacts of fertilizers, but not of the loss of soil fertility flows over time. As in LCA, this can lead to a 
preoccupation with data collection and processing that operates to supplant ‘design thinking’. It is the 
internal
metabolism that offers the best guidance for systems re-design or transformation. Through 
the design of systems that convert what would otherwise be waste materials into bio-productive 
products and waste, we could reduce inputs and outputs more dramatically than through efficiency 
measures.
Couldn’t LCA do the same things as MFA?
Again, LCA focuses on inputs and outputs, rather than flows and transformations. It aggregates inputs 
and outputs in a highly detailed way. It is difficult to undertake LCA for complex developments, let 


138
Positive Development
alone the total impacts of sectors or regions. This is because it separates components or processes 
that are in turn composed of many other substances, sources and processes. Aggregation involves 
highly complex quantification processes. LCA is therefore more suitable for determining the 
relative
efficiency of different products, production systems and minor variations. For example, LCA (or MFA) 
can trace energy inputs through each step in timber extraction, processing, manufacturing, transport 
and the construction process to its final resting place in, say, the stud in a wall. This is excellent 
for creating efficiencies at each stage, but does not encourage better wall framing systems. Thus, 
as we saw, it is good for comparing and selecting among existing materials, processes and designs, 
but less useful for 
new
ways of avoiding waste through entirely new services, products, processes 
or even supply chain structures. A flows analysis is better suited to help us find opportunities for 
innovation, although it too is not sufficient [Chapter 14]. We often fail to apply the most suitable mix 
of methods for addressing an issue or, again, pick issues that a given method can address. Both have 
their place.
20
LCA encourages a submarine view and MFA encourages a helicopter view. But as we 
will see, SmartMode aims to apply ecological and ethical prisms to these analyses.

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