‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


How would we get people to cut back their footprint or environmental space?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

How would we get people to cut back their footprint or environmental space?
Footprints, environmental rucksacks and/or environmental space analyses all suggest that 
‘overdeveloped’ countries like America, Australia, Canada and England need to cut back consumption 
and/or reduce their populations. As a society, we could at least cut back our footprint where it is 
painless to do so. This can be achieved by good design, more eco-efficiency and quality public space.
Over-consuming countries can afford the innovations and environments that reduce consumption and 
material flows. They could provide more 
responsible
consumer choices, rather than asking average 
citizens to either reduce their quality of life or accept bigger risks from hi-tech solutions. Simple, 
equitable ways of reducing consumption have been kept off the agenda, such as full cost pricing and/or 
capping maximum incomes. These do not require extensive investment in measuring consumption 
by variables that are inappropriate or complex to track, control or change. For example, people over 
a certain total net income could allocate the excess to charities, non-government organizations or 
research foundations of their choice. Wealthy people could create their own philanthropies, as some 
do now, if they wish to invest in social and environmental issues that reflect their personal values.
This would avoid draconian measures like rationing, which might otherwise become necessary one 
day. Change will only occur if everyone is ensured of a higher quality of life. High quality public 
space could reduce the need for private consumption.
How can we reverse the disparities of wealth through better design?
Whether or not we eventually choose to design an eco-logically rational economic system, we could at 
least improve the ‘effective’ distribution of wealth and quality of life through increased environmental 
amenity. At present, some people enjoy several palatial homes around the world, which they visit by 
private jet. Meanwhile, environmental refugees cannot even obtain decent tents. We can begin to 
counteract the negative impacts of wealth disparities and urbanization through the creation of public 
spaces that improve urban living, health and wellbeing. Replacing ongoing construction with design 
for eco-services would cost less than what we are now doing. The trend is in the opposite direction, 
however. We are moving away from whole systems improvements towards ‘defensive design’: social 
enclaves and even ‘gated communities’ for protection 
from
the disgruntled. This privatization not 
only removes spatial resources from civil society, it reduces our opportunities to erase design errors 
in the future. Shared access to increased natural public resources, space and amenity is efficient, and 
can bring relative improvements to the lives of the poor without sacrifice by the rich. The evidence 
suggests that the power elite, as a whole, will not support fairness, equity and social justice unless 
and until sustainability benefits them. Positive Development could improve life quality well beyond 
what can be obtained through defensive design. MFA could help us find opportunities for Positive 
Development if ‘modernized’ to take into account ecology and ethics.

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